The Beneficial Effects of DC Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields

Healing or Harmful? Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Explored

 

There are two types of rife machine: AC and DC. The following is an excerpt from the book Lyme Disease and Rife Machines, by Bryan Rosner, examining the effects of DC pulsed electromagnetic fields. In addition to a DC machine’s ability to directly kill Lyme Disease spirochetes, DC machines have been shown in clinical trials to be helpful in treating other health conditions often associated with Lyme Disease.  Thus DC machines are a very beneficial tool for Lyme Disease sufferers because they kill the infection while simultaneously ameliorating many debilitating, quality-of-life problems Lyme Disease sufferers face.  Some of the health conditions which occur in Lyme Disease, and upon which DC PEMF (pulsed electro-magnetic fields) has proven positive effects, include:

  1. Hypoperfusion.   Poor blood flow to the brain results in depression , mood  disorders, mental illness , decline of intellect, “brain fog ,” and other brain symptoms Lyme Disease sufferers experience.[1],[2],[3]  Poor blood flow to other parts of the body results in many other problems including blood pressure disorders , heart problems, sexual dysfunction , etc.[4]  Many Lyme Disease sufferers discover through brain scans that they have this problem.  PEMF has been shown to have the following effects on blood-flow related problems:

                               I.      Preventing damage related to blood-flow problems caused by stroke .[5]

                            II.      Decreasing varicosity, which causes blood-flow problems.[6]

                         III.      Improving symptoms of headaches  associated with cerebral arteriosclerosis, sequels to cerebral concussion, depressive neurosis, or tension headache .[7]

                         IV.      Decrease of arterial pressure, normalization of blood glucose level, arrest of DIC syndrome development in people with cerebrovascular disorders.  PEMF clearly improved the symptoms involved in cerebrovascular disorders.[8]

                            V.      Improving circulation in the brain.[9],[10],[11]

  1. Hypertension.  This symptom often accompanies Lyme Disease.[12],[13]

In labile hypertension, PEMF produces a hypotensive effect, improves myocardial contractility, and increases myocardial and coronary reserves due to reduced peripheral resistance and stimulation of myocardial propulsion. Therapeutic response to the treatment is attributed to normalized function of deep brain structures.[14]   Additionally, in a study where 147 subjects underwent magneto-therapy with the unit Magniter-AMT-01, it was found that their hypertension conditions were significantly improved.[15]

  1. Hypercoagulation and excess fibrinogen.  Chronic Fatigue Syndrome  and Lyme Disease are usually accompanied by a blood-thickening condition involving excessive fibrinogen and hypercoagulation  of the blood.[16]  The prescription drug Heparin® is often prescribed for this condition.  Heparin® can have very undesirable side effects, including hemorrhage, acute adrenal  insufficiency (a problem Lyme Disease sufferers already struggle with), and osteoporosis.[17] This drug has also been anecdotally associated with proliferation of opportunistic Candida  yeast infections.

PEMF increases the rate of fibrinolysis, resulting in a decrease in fibrinogen concentration in the blood, an increase in the level of fibrinogen degradation products, and a considerably shorter time of fibrinolysis in plasma compared to controls (subjects receiving a placebo).[18]  Additionally, PEMF actually prevents hypercoagulation .[19]

This document is an excerpt from the above book.
  1. Joint and cartilage damage and deterioration caused by Lyme-induced arthritis  and inflammation.  Most Lyme Disease sufferers are well aware of this Lyme Disease symptom.  Lyme Disease often causes severe degenerative joint  problems that can occur in any joint  in the body.  Doctors typically prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs that do not address the root cause of the problem.  These drugs also have a slew of side effects as illustrated by the recent Vioxx®  catastrophe.  One of the more ironic side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)  is diminished bone healing and slowed bone formation and remodeling.  Researchers reporting in the May-June, 2004, issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons  concluded that NSAIDs should be avoided at all costs during the healing of fractures and spinal fusions.[20]  Not exactly the ideal treatment.

Prescription drugs also give the body another synthetic chemical to deal with and to detoxify in addition to Lyme neurotoxins .

One of the most noteworthy properties of PEMF is its regenerative effect on the joints , connective tissue, and cartilage.  There are many scientifically documented articles, books, and studies that show PEMF to be beneficial in almost any type of joint  or connective tissue problem.  PEMF helps:

                               I.      Cartilage regeneration and growth stimulation.[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28] PEMF is capable of returning an older patient’s cartilage regeneration speed to that of a younger patient.[29]

                            II.      Soft-tissue repair . [30]

                         III.      Enhancement of collagen production in connective tissue.[31]

                         IV.      Beneficial to arthritis  of all kinds.[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43]

Although most studies focus specifically on PEMF, one study actually correlates direct DC current with stimulation of growth and tissue

 repair as well as stimulation of bone regeneration .  In The effects of electric currents on ATP generation, protein synthesis, and membrane transport in rat skin, pages 264-270, the authors explain that inducing an electrical current of at least 50µ in living tissue inside the body results in “stimulation of growth and tissue repair” and “improvement of bone tissue regeneration, or osteogenesis.”  The authors go on to say that DNA metabolism is not affected by electrical stimulation, which suggests that DNA is unaffected by this type of electrical application.  The DC powered machine supplies both PEMF as well as direct DC current.

  1. Depression .  Another problem experienced by almost all Lyme Disease sufferers, especially during herx reactions, is depression .  In Lyme Disease, depression  can be caused by a variety of physiological problems in the brain resulting from neurotransmitter imbalances, hormone imbalances, the physical presence of the infection, Borrelia neurotoxins , systemic metabolic disturbances, etc. 

Here again the strategy of conventional doctors, often even LLMDs, is to prescribe chemical drugs that “alleviate” depression  by changing brain chemistry.  Selective seratonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)  are usually the drug of choice.  These drugs have many unwanted side effects including the incidence of unpleasant mental symptoms such as anxiety , insomnia , hyperactivity , and more.  These side effects are particularly undesirable for a Lyme Disease sufferer because they already occur as part of the disease process itself! 

And let us not forget that the FDA just issued the king of all paradoxical warnings for ALL anti-depressant drugs:  The “black box ” warning that states antidepressant drugs cause suicidal thoughts and ideation.

Another reason to avoid antidepressant drugs is that it is very important for Lyme Disease sufferers to be able to accurately assess their symptoms at any given time.  Self-symptom assessment  is one of the most effective tools in determining which therapies work, which don’t, and what it feels like to get better or worse. 

A Lyme Disease sufferer already has enough brain imbalances caused by the infection; taking a drug to induce more unnatural brain changes is obviously not a smart idea.  Feeding brain chemistry-altering drugs to someone whose brain is already completely thrown off due to an infection can cause a confusing, dangerous roller coaster ride of symptoms.

PEMF is helpful in treating the symptoms of many types of depression  and in some cases can be a substitute for taking chemical antidepressants. [44],[45],[46],[47],[48],[49], [50],[51],[52],[53],[54],[55],[56],[57],[58],[59],[60],[61],[62],[63]

In a February 2004 Science and Society  article, Marianne Szegedy-Maszak reported that severely depressed patients who were taking pharmaceutical drugs for treatment and underwent brain evaluation with MRI  machines actually ended up experiencing dramatic improvement in their depression  from the MRI machine itself.  A patient who had been so depressed she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a wan smile, emerged actually telling jokes.  The article concludes that in theory, since the brain itself is an electromagnetic organ, stimulation with electromagnetic energy appears to be beneficial in depression  and possibly other illnesses such as Schizophrenia  and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

[64]

  1. Insomnia .  This is another symptom commonly experienced by Lyme Disease sufferers.  PEMF has shown to be helpful in ameliorating symptoms of insomnia .[65],[66]
  2. Migraine  headaches .  These headaches  are commonly associated with cerebrovascular problems and therefore respond to PEMF.  In one study, six subjects exposed to a PEMF machine showed a change in headache  activity from 3.32 per week to 0.58 per week compared to controls.[67]  In another study, 76% of participants indicated that they were “clear” or “very clear” of their complaints of headaches , with zero side effects from treatment, while the control group did not improve at all.[68]  Yet another study revealed that 75% of participants had significant improvement in their migraine headaches .[69]
  3. Multiple Sclerosis .  There is a controversy surrounding the question of whether Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is related to Lyme Disease, or possibly even caused by Lyme Disease.  At the present time there is significant evidence that MS is related to Lyme Disease. 

Regardless of the cause of MS, PEMF has been found helpful in improving quality of life for MS patients.[70],[71],[72],[73],[74],[75]

  1. Nerve Repair .  This is a very relevant area for Lyme Disease sufferers.  Obviously, the neurological manifestations of a Lyme infection cause nerve damage.[A]  PEMF has been shown to:

                               I.      Accelerate nerve recovery.[76]

                            II.      Improve rate and quality of peripheral nerve regeneration in rats.[77]

                         III.      Accelerate functional recovery and prevent or minimize muscle atrophy in sciatic nerve injury if administered closely following the injury.[78]

                         IV.      Accelerate the recovery of injured limbs and the regeneration and maturation of myelinated axons; reduce epineural, perineural and intraneural fibrosis; and increase luminal cross-sectional area of intraneural vessels.[79]

  1. Lesions of the nervous system .  Lyme Disease is commonly associated with lesions on brain tissue.  (Multiple Sclerosis  also has this as a common feature.)

A study was conducted involving two groups of people with organic lesions of the nervous system.  Dominant symptoms were paralysis and pareses.  Both groups received extensive treatment, but only one group received treatment with magnetic and electrical stimulation.  The group that received magnetic and electrical stimulation recovered faster, indicated by radiographic and electromyographic investigations.[80]

  1. Additional benefits of PEMF and induced DC currents.  PEMF is quickly being recognized in the alternative (and even conventional) medical community as a very useful modality in treatment or supportive therapy of a number of different medical conditions.[81],[82],[83]  Some of the additional conditions for which PEMF treatments have shown to be promising include Endometriosis ,[84] general healing,[85],[86],[87],[88],[89],[90][91],[92],[93],[94],[95],[96],[97],[98],[99],[100],[101] lymphocyte  function,[102],[103] osteoperosis ,[104],[105] pain, [106],[107],[108],[109],[110] Parkinson’s Disease , [111],[112],[113],[114],[115], [116],[117],[118] sexual disorders[119] and vision .[120],[121],[122]  Direct DC current (as opposed to DC-PEMF ) is also emerging as a promising medical modality for the treatment of various conditions. For example,

Alfred J. Koonin, M.B., Ch, B., Ph.D., FRCS, found that chronic skin lesions healed much faster when treated with a machine that produced a current range of 3mA down to .1mA applied directly to skin wounds.[123] 

As you can see, DC PEMF has many benefits in addition to pathogen killing.

 


[A]As a side note, most research indicates that all, or nearly all, nerve/brain damage associated with Lyme Disease IS reversible, and IS a result of ongoing infection.  Brain/nerve damage associated with Lyme Disease is typically NOT permanent residual damage that hangs around after the infection is gone.  When the infection is eradicated, the brain heals. 

 


[1] http://www.lymeinfo.net/psychbiblio.html

A list of links to abstracts which describe the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme Disease

[2] http://www.emedicine.com/NEURO/topic521.htm#section~author_information

Lyme Disease, Julie L Puotinen, PharmD, Clinical Coordinator of Pharmaceutical Services, Clinical Instructor, Department of Pharmacy, Saint Luke's Medical Center

[3] http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/tnaold.html

The Neuropsychiatric Assessment of Lyme Disease, Robert Bransfield, M.D.      

[4] http://cassia.org/essay.htm

When to Suspect Lyme Disease, John D. Bleiweiss, M.D.          

[5] Grant G, Cadossi R, Steinberg G (1994) Protection against focal cerebral ischemia following exposure to a pulsed EMF. Bioelectromagnetics 15(3):205-216. Dept of Neurosurgery, Stanford Univ, California 94305. There is evidence that EM stimulation may accelerate the healing of tissue damage after ischemia. We studied the effects of low frequency PEMF exposure on cerebral injury in a rabbit model of transient focal ischemia (2 h occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion). PEMF exposure (280 V, 75 Hz, IGEA Stimulator) was initiated 10 min after the onset of ischemia and continued throughout reperfusion (6 exposed, 6 controls). MRI  and histology were used to measure the degree of ischemic injury. Exposure to PEMF attenuated cortical ischemia edema on MRI at the most anterior coronal level by 65% (p<.001). On histology, PEMF exposure reduced ischemic neuronal damage in this same cortical area by 69% (p<.01) and by 43% (p<.05) in the striatum. Exposure to a PEMF of short duration may have implications for the treatment of acute stroke . PMID: 8074737, UI: 94354894

[6] Galimzianov FV (1990) [Electromagnetic therapy after phlebectomy - Article in Russian]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) May;5:108-110. Comparative analysis of outpatient treatment by means of pulsed complexly-modulated EMF (PCMEMF) applied after phlebectomy in 30 patients with varicosity of the lower limbs showed the expediency of this type of treatment in the postoperative period. Exposure of the operated on limb to PCMEMF raises the efficacy of the rehabilitation measures and reduces the terms of the patients' temporary incapacity. PMID: 2391917, UI: 90362765

[7] Grunner O (1985) [Cerebral use of a pulsating magnetic field in neuropsychiatry patients with long-term headache  - Article in German]. EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Verwandte Geb Dec;16(4):227-230. 40 patients with headaches  of various etiology were given pulsed magnetic field therapy (f=260 Hz; t=3 ms; induction B=1.9 mT; gradient=0.5 mT/cm). Each session lasted 0.5 h. Self-assessment statements and EEG changes were used to evaluate changes of headache  intensity. EEG frequency analysis showed significant changes in % delta and alpha 1 activities (7.5-9.5/s) after use of the real treatment, as compared with sham treatment. Improved self-assessment, and EEG were found in headaches  associated with cerebral arteriosclerosis, sequels to cerebral concussion, depressive neurosis, or tension headache . Pulsed magnetic field could be applied only where the EEG was physiological. PMID: 3935419, UI: 86081440

[8] Karlov VA, Rodshtat IV, Kalashnikov IuD, Kitaeva LV, Khokhlov IuK (1991) [Experience with using extremely high frequency radiotherapy of the millimeter wave range in cerebrovascular disorders - Article in Russian]. Sov Med 3:20-21. Vascular diseases of the brain (functional transient and ischemic apoplexy, circulatory encephalopathy) in 79 patients were treated by UHF EMF of millimetric wave range. 14 patients entered the control group. The data show a clear-cut trend to a decrease of arterial pressure, normalization of blood glucose level, arrest of DIC syndrome development. PMID: 1882282, UI: 91352655

[9] Lud GV (1986) [Effect of a constant magnetic field on blood circulation after experimental operations on arteries of the extremities - Article in Russian]. Vestn Khir Sep;137(9):87-88. PMID: 3538626, UI: 87071468

[10] Strelkova NI, Gavrilkov AT, Diuzhilova NF, Strel'tsova EN (1981) [Status of cerebral circulation in patients with hemiplegia of vascular and traumatic origin treated with decimeter therapy and an alternating magnetic field - Article in Russian]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr 81(8):1162-1166. 181 patients with hemiparesis after a cerebral stroke  or craniocerebral injury were treated by local exposure of the pathological focus to decimeter EM waves (DW) and alternating magnetic field (AMF). These treatment methods improved the cerebral circulation and hastened the restoration of motor functions, especially, if used in combination with sulfide baths, therapeutic physical exercises and massage. The therapeutic effectiveness of the DW- and AMF-therapy is confirmed objectively by so informative examination methods, as rheoencephalography, ultrasonic dopplerography, and thermography. PMID: 7315051, UI: 82087133

[11] Strelkova NI, Maslovskaia SG, Gavrilkov AG, Strel'tsova EN (1983) [Use of the EMF in patients after disturbance of cerebral circulation - Article in Russian]. Sov Med 5:35-38. PMID: 6612459, UI: 83302409

[12] [Isolated intracranial hypertension due to Lyme's disease]
[Article in French]
Abadie I, Marc E, Bursztyn J, Assous M, Gendrel D.
Service de pediatrie generale, hopital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Cochin, AP-HP, 74-82, avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris cedex 14, France.

[13] Intracranial hypertension in neuroborreliosis.
Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002 Sep;44(9):641-2.
Hartel C, Schilling S, Neppert B, Tiemer B, Sperner J.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Lubeck Medical School, Germany. haertel@paedia.ukl.mu-luebeck.de

[14] Kniazeva TA, Otto MP, Markarov GS, Donova OM, Markarova IS (1994) [The efficacy of low-intensity exposures in hypertension - Article in Russian]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult Jan;1:8-9. 100 hypertensive subjects with labile and stable disease were exposed to low-intensity low-frequency electrostatic field generated by the unit "Infita-A". In labile hypertension, the field produces a hypotensive effect, improves myocardial contractility, increases myocardial and coronary reserves due to reduced peripheral resistance and stimulation of myocardial propulsion. Therapeutic response to the treatment is attributed to normalized function of deep brain structures. PMID: 8171859, UI: 94225808

[15] Miasnikov IG (1992) [Magnetotherapy of initial manifestations of cerebrovascular disorders in hypertension - Article in Russian]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 92(1):63-67. The paper is concerned with the data on 147 subjects who underwent magnetotherapy with the unit "Magniter-AMT-01" applied to the cervical area. The main group included 102 subjects, 45 person served as control. The purpose of the work was to base the application of MT under inpatient and home conditions with the use of the above-indicated unit. In view of this fact, a study was made of cerebral hemo- and thermodynamics with the aid of rheoencephalography and encephaloradiothermography under the action of different modes of the functioning of the unit "Magniter-AMT-01" (pulse and variable magnet induction fields 12-15 mTl and 30-35 mTl). A method of measuring magnetosensitivity of patients depending on the temperature reaction of the brain to a single MT session was elaborated. The greatest clinical effect was attained with the use of pulse magnetic field 15 mTl. Magnetotherapy with the use of the unit "Magniter-AMT-01" gave good results under inpatient and home conditions. The magnetosensitive patients had the highest effect. PMID: 1319653, UI: 92312254

[16] http://chronicfatigue.about.com/cs/currenttreatments/a/coagulation.htm Hypercoagulation Theory Viable Explanation for Some CFS & FM Symptoms by David Berg as told to Immune Support.

[17] Kniazeva TA, Otto MP, Markarov GS, Donova OM, Markarova IS (1994) [The efficacy of low-intensity exposures in hypertension - Article in Russian]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult Jan;1:8-9. 100 hypertensive subjects with labile and stable disease were exposed to low-intensity low-frequency electrostatic field generated by the unit "Infita-A". In labile hypertension, the field produces a hypotensive effect, improves myocardial contractility, increases myocardial and coronary reserves due to reduced peripheral resistance and stimulation of myocardial propulsion. Therapeutic response to the treatment is attributed to normalized function of deep brain structures. PMID: 8171859, UI: 94225808

[18] Gorczynska E (1988) Fibrinolytical processes in rabbits activated by the magnetic field. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 32(4):391-396. Dept of Biochemistry, Academy of Agriculture, Szczecin, Poland. Rabbits were exposed to a constant magnetic field of 0.005 T, 0.1 T and 0.3 T induction for 1 h/d for 28 d. The magnetic field increased the rate of fibrinolysis. A decrease in fibrinogen concentration, an increase in the level of fibrinogen degradation products and a considerably shorter time of fibrinolysis in plasma were all noted. The magnitude of these processes was proportional to duration of exposure to the magnetic field in action. These date confirms the similar effect seen in other mammalians (guinea pigs, rats). Thus, the application of a static magnetic field of intensity as low as 0.005 T to increase a fibrinolysis in the thrombotic therapy seems to be justified. PMID: 3221089, UI: 89124317

[19] Temur'iants NA, Mikhailov AV (1985) [Effect of weak alternating ultra-low frequency magnetic fields on the development of the hypercoagulation  syndrome in immobilized rats - Article in Russian]. Biofizika Nov;30(6):1046-1049. The experimental results are given concerning the effect of variable magnetic field (VMF) with the frequency of 8 Hz and intensity 4 A/m on some parameters of rat haemocoagulation system under standard mobile regime as well as under prolonged hypokinesia. It is stated that repeated daily exposition of VMF causes hypocoagulational blood shift in intact animals. Under the effect of simultaneous VMF and hypokinesia the correction of hypercoagulational shift induced by animal hypokinesia was found. The highest VMF effect was seen in prolonged experiments. The ability of VMF with the given parameters to limit the development of rat blood hypercoagulation  under hypokinesia was discussed. PMID: 4074760, UI: 86077826

[21] Aaron RK, Ciombor DM (1993). Increase in proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage explant cultures exposed to pulsed fields. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society; October 10-13, 1993; Dana Point, CA. BRAGS, 2.

[22] Aaron RK, Ciombor DM (1992). Stimulation with pulsing electromagnetic fields act synergistically with growth factors to increase cartilage matrix synthesis. Proceedings of The First World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, June 14-19, 1992. Lake Buena Vista, FL, (N-1)41-42.

[23] Aaron RK, Ciombor DM (1992). Synergistic effects of growth factors and pulsed fields on proteoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting. Orthopaedic Research Society, Feb 17-20, 1992. Washington, DC, 17(2):527.
Summary: Results demonstrate a synergistic activity of growth factors and electrical stimulation in modulating proteoglycan (PG) synthesis by adult articular cartilage explant cultures maintained in a steady state.

[24] Aaron RK, Plass AHK (1987). Stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis in articular chondorcyte cultures by a pulsed electromagnetic field. Trans Orthop Res Soc, 12:273.

[25] Aaron RK, Ciombor DM, Jolly G (1987). Modulation of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation by pulsed electromagnetic fields. Trans Orthop Res Soc, 12:272.

[26] Brighton CT, Unger AS, Stambough JL (1984). In vitro growth of bovine articular cartilage chondrocytes in various capacitively coupled electrical fields. J Orthop Res, 2(1):15-22.

[27] Canaday DJ, Lee RC (1991). Scientific basis for clinical applications of electric fields in soft-tissue repair. In Brighton CT, Pollack SR, eds. Electromagnetics in Biology and Medicine. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Press, Inc., chap 44.

[28] Ciombor DM, Aaron RK(1993). Pulsed fields act synergistically with growth factors to increase cartilage matrix synthesis. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society; October 10-13, 1993; Dana Point, CA. BRAGS, 3.

[29] Ciombor DM, Aaron RK(1993). Pulsed fields act synergistically with growth factors to increase cartilage matrix synthesis. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society; October 10-13, 1993; Dana Point, CA. BRAGS, 3.       

[30] Canaday DJ, Lee RC (1991). Scientific basis for clinical applications of electric fields in soft-tissue repair. In Brighton CT, Pollack SR, eds. Electromagnetics in Biology and Medicine. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Press, Inc., chap 44.

[31] Farndale RW, Murray JC (1985). Low frequency pulsed magnetic fields enhance collagen production in connective tissue. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg, 14:83-91.

[32]A study of the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy with respect to serological grouping in rheumatoid arthritis .
Ganguly KS, Sarkar AK, Datta AK, Rakshit A. National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped (NIOH), Calcutta.

[33] A case of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia treated with pulsing electromagnetic fields. 17-year follow-up.
Ito H, Shirai Y, Gembun Y. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.

[35] A double-blind trial of the clinical effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields in osteoarthritis.
Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Dyer RH Jr, Fielding LP, Miner WK, Markoll R. Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Danbury Hospital, CT 06810.

[37] Magnetic pulse treatment for knee osteoarthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Pipitone N, Scott DL. Rheumatology Department, King's College Hospital (Dulwich), London, UK.

[38] Pulsed magnetic field therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee--a double-blind sham-controlled trial.
Nicolakis P, Kollmitzer J, Crevenna R, Bittner C, Erdogmus CB, Nicolakis J. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, AKH Wien, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

[39] Low-amplitude, extremely low frequency magnetic fields for the treatment of osteoarthritic knees: a double-blind clinical study. Jacobson JI, Gorman R, Yamanashi WS, Saxena BB, Clayton L. Institute of Theoretical Physics and Advanced Studies for Biophysical Research.

[40] Electromagnetic fields for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Hulme J, Robinson V, DeBie R, Wells G, Judd M, Tugwell P.
Cochrane Collaborating Center, Center for Global Health, Institute of Population Health - University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5.

[41] Modification of osteoarthritis by pulsed electromagnetic field--a morphological study. Ciombor DM, Aaron RK, Wang S, Simon B.; Department of Orthopaedics, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02906, USA.

[42] Modification of osteoarthritis by pulsed electromagnetic field--a morphological study.
Ciombor DM, Aaron RK, Wang S, Simon B. Department of Orthopaedics, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02906, USA.

[43] Therapeutic effects of pulsed magnetic fields on joint  diseases. Riva Sanseverino E, Vannini A, Castellacci P., Universita di Bologna, Italy.

[44] Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression : a placebo-controlled crossover trial. George MS, Wassermann EM, Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Williams WE, Danielson AL, Greenberg BD, Hallett M, Post RM. Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

[45] Transcranial magnetic stimulation as therapy for depression  and other disorders.
Kirkcaldie MT, Pridmore SA, Pascual-Leone A. Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.

[46] Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondelusional major depressive disorder: an open study. Grunhaus L, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Dolberg OH, Amiaz R, Ziv R, Lefkifker E.
Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.

[47] Effects of left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressed mood , cognition, and corticomotor threshold.
Triggs WJ, McCoy KJ, Greer R, Rossi F, Bowers D, Kortenkamp S, Nadeau SE, Heilman KM, Goodman WK.
Human Motor Physiology Laboratory, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville 32610-0236, USA.

[48] Acute mood  and thyroid  stimulating hormone effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression .
Szuba MP, O'Reardon JP, Rai AS, Snyder-Kastenberg J, Amsterdam JD, Gettes DR, Wassermann E, Evans DL.
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

[49] Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression : a double-blind controlled study. Klein E, Kreinin I, Chistyakov A, Koren D, Mecz L, Marmur S, Ben-Shachar D, Feinsod M.
Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.

[50]  Safety and feasibility of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of anxious depression  in pregnancy: a case report. Nahas Z, Bohning DE, Molloy MA, Oustz JA, Risch SC, George MS. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.

[51] Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression .
Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardo F, Catala MD. Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.

[52] Preliminary evidence for a beneficial effect of low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression  and schizophrenia . Feinsod M, Kreinin B, Chistyakov A, Klein E. Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.

[53] Influence of electromagnetic fields on the emotional behaviour of rats. [Article in Russian] Semenova TP, Medvinskaia NI, Bliskovka GI, Akoev IG. Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290 Russia.

[54] Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. A method in the treatment of depressions. [Article in Danish] Hansen PE. Arhus Universitetshospital, Psykiatrisk Hospital i Arhus, Forskningsafdeling for Affektive Sygdomme.

[55] Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression : relation between efficacy and simulation intensity.
Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Keck ME, Kathmann N, Mikhaiel P, Ella R, Rupprecht P, Thoma H, Hampel H, Toschi N, Moller HJ. Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.

[56] Combining high and low frequencies in rTMS antidepressive treatment: preliminary results.
Conca A, Di Pauli J, Beraus W, Hausmann A, Peschina W, Schneider H, Konig P, Hinterhuber H.
Departments of Psychiatry I and II, Regional Hospital, 6830 Rankweil, Austria.

[57] Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression : preliminary results of a randomized trial. Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, Alam D, Beedle D, Krasuski J, Strong MJ, Sharma R, Rosen C, Viana M.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

[58] Three and six-month outcome following courses of either ECT or rTMS in a population of severely depressed individuals--preliminary report. Dannon PN, Dolberg OT, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. Psychiatry Division, ECT-TMS Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel.

[59] Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression . [Article in French] Saba G, Januel D, Glikman J. Psychiatre, assistant, Unite de Recherche clinique, Secteur III, Service du docteur Glikman, EPS de Ville Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.

[60] Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood  in depression . George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, Callahan A, Ketter TA, Basser P, Hallett M, Post RM. Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Charleston, SC, USA.

[61] Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on late-phase osteotomy gap healing in a canine tibial model.
Inoue N, Ohnishi I, Chen D, Deitz LW, Schwardt JD, Chao EY. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.

[62] Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression .
Rosenberg PB, Mehndiratta RB, Mehndiratta YP, Wamer A, Rosse RB, Balish M. Mental Health Service Line, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 0422, USA.

[63] Autoradiographic evaluation of electromagnetic field effects on serotonin (5HT1A) receptors in rat brain.
Johnson MT, McCullough J, Nindl G, Chamberlain JK. Terre Haute Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.

[64] Marianne Szegedy-Maszak, Magnetism And The Brain. Science & Society 2/16/04.

[66] Sleep deprivation in depression  stabilizing antidepressant effects by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Eichhammer P, Kharraz A, Wiegand R, Langguth B, Frick U, Aigner JM, Hajak G. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany.

[67] Initial exploration of pulsing electromagnetic fields for treatment of migraine. Sherman RA, Robson L, Marden LA. Service of Orthopedic Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash. 98431, USA.

[68] Impulse magnetic-field therapy for migraine and other headaches : a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Pelka RB, Jaenicke C, Gruenwald J. Universitat der Bundeswehr Munchen Munich, Germany.

[69] Treatment of migraine with pulsing electromagnetic fields: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sherman RA, Acosta NM, Robson L. Orthopedic Surgery Service, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA.

[70] Therapy of day time fatigue  in patients with multiple sclerosis. Zifko UA.; Sonderkrankenanstalt fur Neurologie, Klinik Pirawarth, Kurhausstrasse 100, A-2222 Bad Pirawarth, Austria

[71] Effects of a pulsed electromagnetic therapy on multiple sclerosis fatigue  and quality of life: a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lappin MS, Lawrie FW, Richards TL, Kramer ED. Energy Medicine Developments, (North America), Inc., Burke, Va., USA.

[72] PEMF may improve fatigue  associated with multiple sclerosis. Zifko UA. Sonderkrankenanstalt fur Neurologie, Klinik Pirawarth, Kurhausstrasse 100, A-2222 Bad Pirawarth.

[74] Effect of extremely low frequency (correction of frenquency) magnetic field on brain ischemic reaction in rats.
Zhao L, Wei J, Yan G, Wang Y, Huang Z, Zhao D.; Institute of Space Medico-Engineering, Beijing, China.

[75] Theory of multichannel magnetic stimulation: toward functional neuromuscular rehabilitation. Ruohonen J, Ravazzani P, Grandori F, Ilmoniemi RJ.; BioMag Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.

[78] A comparative study of the effects of magnetic stimulation and electric stimulation on peripheral nerve injury in rat.
Bannaga A, Guo T, Ouyang X, Hu D, Lin C, Cao F, Dun Y, Guo Z. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030.

[80] Magnetic and electrical stimulation in the rehabilitative treatment of patients with organic lesions of the nervous system.
Tyshkevich TG, Nikitina VV; A. L. Polenov Russian Science Research Neurosurgical Institute, St. Dougrsburg

[81] Evolution of magnetic therapy from alternative to traditional medicine. Vallbona C, Richards T.; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

[82] Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields. Bassett CA., Bioelectric Research Center, Columbia University, Riverdale, New York 10463.

[83] Possible therapeutic applications of pulsed magnetic fields. [Article in Czech] Navratil L, Hlavaty V, Landsingerova E.

[85] Magnetic fields in physical therapy. Experience in orthopedics and traumatology rehabilitation. [Article in Italian], Borg MJ, Marcuccio F, Poerio AM, Vangone A.

[86] Effects of static magnetic and pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone healing. Darendeliler MA, Darendeliler A, Sinclair PM; Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Australia.

[88] Therapeutic effects of electromagnetic fields in the stimulation of connective tissue repair. Aaron RK, Ciombor DM., Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 00928.

[89] Effects of static magnetic and pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone healing. Darendeliler MA, Darendeliler A, Sinclair PM. Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Australia.

[90] Effects of pulsed magnetic energy on a microsurgically transferred vessel. Roland D, Ferder M, Kothuru R, Faierman T, Strauch B. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.

[91] Pulsed electromagnetic fields in experimental cutaneous wound healing in rats. Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Mino J, Merlo A, Benaim F. Department of Postgraduate Reconstructive and Plastic.

[92] Pulsed electromagnetic fields for the treatment of bone fractures. Satter Syed A, Islam MS, Rabbani KS, Talukder MS.
Industrial Physics Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka.

[93] The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on flexor tendon healing in chickens. Robotti E, Zimbler AG, Kenna D, Grossman JA. Miami Children's Hospital, USA.

[94] The influence of pulsed electrical stimulation on the wound healing of burned rat skin. Castillo E, Sumano H, Fortoul TI, Zepeda A. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, D.F.

[95] Pulsed magnetic and electromagnetic fields in experimental achilles tendonitis in the rat: a prospective randomized study.
Lee EW, Maffulli N, Li CK, Chan KM. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.

[96] Effects of static magnetic and pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone healing. Darendeliler MA, Darendeliler A, Sinclair PM. Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Australia.

[97] Effect of magnetic fields on skin wound healing. Experimental study. [Article in Spanish] Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Merlo A. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires.

[98] Pulsed electromagnetic fields in experimental cutaneous wound healing in rats. Patino O, Grana D, Bolgiani A, Prezzavento G, Mino J, Merlo A, Benaim F. Department of Postgraduate Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Universidad del Salvador and Fundacion del Quemado.

[99] Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on rat skin metabolism. De Loecker W, Delport PH, Cheng N. Afdeling Biochemie, Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven, Belgium.

[100] Effect of low frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields on skin ulcers of venous origin in humans: a double-blind study.
Ieran M, Zaffuto S, Bagnacani M, Annovi M, Moratti A, Cadossi R. Department of Medical Angiology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

[101] Effects of pulsed extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields on skin wounds in the rat. Ottani V, De Pasquale V, Govoni P, Franchi M, Zaniol P, Ruggeri A. Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, Bologna, Italy.

[102] Effect of bioresonance therapy on antioxidant system in lymphocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis .
Islamov BI, Balabanova RM, Funtikov VA, Gotovskii YV, Meizerov EE. Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.

[103] The effect of exposure to high flux density static and pulsed magnetic fields on lymphocyte  function. Aldinucci C, Garcia JB, Palmi M, Sgaragli G, Benocci A, Meini A, Pessina F, Rossi C, Bonechi C, Pessina GP;Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

[104] The effect of long-term pulsing electromagnetic field stimulation on experimental osteoporosis of rats. Mishima S. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.

[105] Bone density changes in osteoporosis-prone women exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs). Tabrah F, Hoffmeier M, Gilbert F Jr, Batkin S, Bassett CA. University of Hawaii School of Medicine, Straub Clinic and Hospital, Honolulu.

[107] Pain management and electromagnetic medicine. Ouellette EA., University of Miami School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Florida, USA.

[109] Electrochemical therapy of pelvic pain: effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on tissue trauma.
Jorgensen WA, Frome BM, Wallach C. International Pain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California.

[111] Akinesia in Parkinson's disease. II. Effects of subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation. Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, Grafman J, Hallett M. Human Cortical Physiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.

[112] Magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Sandyk R, Anninos PA, Tsagas N, Derpapas K. Democrition University of Thrace, Department of Medical Physics and Polytechnic School, Alexandroupolis and Xanthi, Greece.

[113] Nonlinear analysis of brain activity in magnetic influenced Parkinson patients. Anninos PA, Adamopoulos AV, Kotini A, Tsagas N. Dept. of Medicine, Demokrition University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece. [Article in Russian] Bisvas Shutanto Kumar, Listopadova NA.

[114] Effect of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression  in patients with Parkinson 's disease. [Article in Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic)] Potrebic A, Dragasevic N, Svetel M, Kostic VS. Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade.

[115] The impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on pituitary hormone levels and cortisol in healthy subjects.
Evers S, Hengst K, Pecuch PW. Department of Neurology, University of Munster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48129 Munster, Germany.

[116] The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the patients with Parkinson's disease. [Article in Japanese] Fukudome T, Goto H, Izumoto H, Matsuo H, Shibuya N. Department of Neurology, Kawatana National Hospital.

[117] Therapeutic effect and mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Shimamoto H, Takasaki K, Shigemori M, Imaizumi T, Ayabe M, Shoji H. Shimamoto Neurosurgical Clinic, Kurume University School of Medicine, Ohnojo-city, Fukuoka, Japan.

[118] Therapeutic efficacy of bilateral prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients with Parkinson's disease: an open study. Dragasevic N, Potrebic A, Damjanovic A, Stefanova E, Kostic VS. Institute of Neurology Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical School, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

[120] The effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field on the hemodynamics of eyes with glaucoma. [Article in Russian] Tsisel'skii IuV, Kashintseva LT, Skrinnik AV.

[121] Effectiveness of magnetotherapy in optic nerve atrophy. A preliminary study. [Article in Russian] Zobina LV, Orlovskaia LS, Sokov SL, Sabaeva GF, Konde LA, Iakovlev AA.

[123] ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF ULTRA-LOW MICROCURRENTS. Alfred J. Koonin, M.B., Ch, B., Ph.D., FRCS

 

 

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