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Reported by: Jennifer Harrington
Email: <mailto:jharrington@abc15.com>jharrington@abc15.com
Last Update: 7/10 12:41 pm

<http://www.PaulaOwens.com>Paula Owens the author
of <http://thepowerof4-paula.blogspot.com>“The
Power of 4” says avoiding these 10 things will
change your body dramatically. Owens has a
master’s degree in holistic nutrition and a bachelors degree in kinesiology.

1. HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP: HFCS is the number one source of calories for most Americans and causes obesity.

You’ll find high-fructose corn syrup (GMO) in processed food, fast food, sodas, syrup that goes into your Latte, etc.

HFCS is extremely toxic to your liver, increases inflammation, causes obesity, oxidative stress and creates an aggressive insulin response.

2. PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED OILS (TRANS FATS):
Partially hydrogenated oils are found in thousands of processed foods (breakfast cereals, cookies, chips).

Trans fats are proven to cause heart disease and contribute to obesity.

Restaurant food, especially from fast food chains, often serve food loaded with trans fats.

Consequences of a diet high in trans fats include:
* increased inflammation
* decreased immune function
* decreased testosterone
* Arthritis
* Cancer
* Decrease IQ – learning disabilities.
American IQ has dropped 20 points in the past 20 years.
* Diabetes
* Elevated blood pressure
* Free radical production
* Heart Disease
* Interferes with neurological & visual development of fetus
* Liver damage
* Obesity
* Osteoporosis
* Type II diabetes
3. MSG: Monosodium glutamate is a chemical that has been associated with reproductive disorders, migraine headaches, permanent damage to the endocrine system leading to obesity and other serious disorders.

MSG is used in many foods as a taste enhancer. It is linked to reduced fertility.

4. SODIUM NITRATE: This is a preservative, coloring, and flavoring commonly added to bacon, ham, hot dogs, luncheon meats, smoked fish and corned beef.

Studies have linked eating it to various types of cancer.

Before you mix up a soy shake, snack on a soy protein bar or pour yourself a glass of soy milk consider this: unfermented, processed soy inhibits the thyroid, is deficient in amino acids, is toxic to infants and shrinks the brain

Before you mix up a soy shake, snack on a soy protein bar or pour yourself a glass of soy milk
consider this: unfermented, processed soy inhibits the thyroid, is deficient in amino acids, is toxic to infants and shrinks the brain.

There are some redeeming qualities to soy, however these are found primarily in fermented
soy products like tempeh, miso, natto and soybean sprouts.

If you want to get some health benefits from soy, stick to these four forms and pass on ALL
processed soy milks, tofu, soy burgers, soy ice cream, soy cheese and other soy junk foods that are disguised as health foods.

6. WHITE SUGAR: Sugar is more addictive than cocaine!

Sugar has a profound influence on your brain function and your psychological function.

When you consume excess amounts of sugar, your body releases excess amounts of insulin, which in turn causes a drop in your blood sugar, also known as hypoglycemia.

In addition, sugar is pro-flammatory damages skin collagen and promotes wrinkles, increases your appetite, depletes your body of B vitamins, causes joint degeneration, ADHD and other
behavior disorders, stimulates cholesterol synthesis and weight gain.

Opt for a healthier version such as Bragg’s amino acids or Celtic sea salt (light pink, grey or beige color).

8. ASPARTAME, SPLENDA, SWEET N LOW, EQUAL:
Aspartame is an artificial, chemical sweetener found in many foods and beverages including
desserts, gelatins, protein powder, low calorie foods, drink mixes and sodas.

It may cause cancer or neurological problems, such as dizziness, migraine headaches, weight
gain, increased appetite, bloating, rashes or hallucinations.

Aspartame poisoning mimics symptoms of MS. NutraSweet is in over 7,000 foods!

Side effects:
* Increased heart disease
* Bloating and edema
* Brain seizures
* Cancer
* Cravings
* Headaches
* Predispose you to Parkinson’s, Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease
* Rashes and hives
* Weight gain – results in obesity

9. FOOD COLORINGS: (Blue 1, 2; Red 3; Green 3; Yellow 5, 6) Six food colorings still on the
market are linked with cancer in animal testing.

There is evidence that food coloring and food additives contribute to behavioral problems in
children, lead to lower IQ, hyperactivity, ADHD, depression, hormonal dysfunction and cancer.

Red 3, used to dye cherries, fruit cocktail, ice cream candy and baked goods have been shown to cause thyroid tumors in rats.

This harmful artificial color causes cancer and changes in brain chemistry. Read the list of
ingredients in your child’s cough syrup (artificial color).

Green 3 is a potential allergen and has been linked to bladder cancer. Green 3 is added to
candy, mint jelly, cereals and beverages.

Blue 1 and 2, found in beverages, candy, baked goods, cereals and pet food have been linked to allergies and cancer.

Yellow 5 is the most notable artificial color because it causes the most immediate allergic
reaction in people sensitive to salicylates such as aspirin.

Yellow 6 has been linked to tumors of the adrenal gland and kidney. Yellow 6 is added to beverages, sausage, gelatin, baked goods and candy.

Take home message – Stay away from any product listing an ingredient with a color plus a number.

10. PROCESSED/REFINED WHEAT AND GLUTEN: Refined grains are void of nutrients, disrupt insulin levels and are highly allergenic for many individuals.

Wheat and gluten have adverse health affects for approximately 80 percent of the population. Gluten is a protein found combined with starch in the endosperm of grains, notably wheat, rye and barley.

Gluten intolerance/sensitivity is severely misdiagnosed or under-diagnosed – one estimate
says that 97 percent of all sufferers don’t know they have the disease due to unfamiliarity with it among U.S. physicians.

Signs and symptoms of gluten intolerance: The ultimate effect of this hidden wear and tear is the slow destruction of the healthy mucosa, or lining tissue of the small intestine causing an autoimmune response that’s similar to an allergic reaction.

In some cases there may be symptoms in childhood such as allergies, asthma, anemia, reoccurring infections, a constant upset stomach or milk intolerance.

Other symptoms are nasal and throat mucous, feeling of food sitting in stomach, bloating,
gas, diarrhea with periodic constipation, mental fogginess and skin rashes.

In severe cases, as with Celiac disease, there can be seizures, psychosis, violent behavior and withdrawal from self.

Lyme Disease, Psychiatric Symptoms and Aggressiveness

By Robert C Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA (revised 4-1-09)

There has been recent media attention focused upon the issue of Lyme disease and psychiatric symptoms and aggressiveness. Questions arise whether microbes and the immune reactions to them can contribute to cognitive decline, degenerative neurological disease, developmental disabilities, mental illness, personality changes and violent and criminal behavior?

There are several thousand peer-reviewed references demonstrating the association between infections and mental symptoms and at least 65 different microbes have been recognized as causing mental symptoms.¹ Over two hundred peer-reviewed articles describe the causal association between Lyme/tick-borne diseases and mental symptoms, pathophysiology, morbidity and mortality some of which are included in the attached addendum. Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness is a major and classic article summarizing this association.² A Controlled Study of Cognitive Deficits in Children With Chronic Lyme Disease is a particularly useful resource for describing some of the cognitive symptoms associated with Lyme/tick-borne diseases. Attempted suicide and completed suicide associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme disease and other tick-borne disease has been observed and reported by the author and many other clinicians.³ An article in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Higher Prevalence of Antibodies to Borrelia Burgdorferi in Psychiatric Patients Than in Healthy Subjects compared 499 psychiatric inpatients to matched pair healthy controls and found significantly more psychiatric patients were seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi (33% vs. 19%), thereby demonstrating an association between Borrelia burgdorferi infections and psychiatric morbidity.

The recent attention on Lyme disease began after a chimpanzee with Lyme/tick-borne disease became violent and assaulted their owner in February 2009. Then a few weeks later a patient with late stage Lyme/tick-borne disease shot and killed a minister in Illinois. Since these two incidents occurred in close time proximity and both drew considerable media attention there has been an increased attention upon the question of whether tick-borne diseases can cause violent behavior. Lyme disease has been associated with causing aggression in dogs and other animals.⁴

Although most patients with Lyme/tick-borne disease do not become violent, a small percent of patients who become infected develop a type of neurological dysfunction that can increase their risk of aggressiveness. In working with a number of patients with Lyme/tick-borne diseases it is apparent to many clinicians these conditions can cause reduced frustration tolerance, irritability, depression, cognitive impairments and mood swings in many patients, but more significant suicidal and aggressive tendencies are seen in a few patients. An article about Lyme/tick-borne diseases and suicide in 1998 is at http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/lymeframes.html Articles on Lyme/tick-borne disease and aggressiveness are Aggression and Lyme Disease (1998). http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/lymeframes.html , A Tale of Two Spirochetes (1999) http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/lymeframes.html and Lyme Neuroborreliosis & Aggression. (2001) http://actionlyme.50megs.com/neuroborreliosis%20aggression.htm

There have been a number of suicide attempts, suicides, aggressive episodes, assaults, homicide attempts, homicides and combined homicide/suicide associated with Lyme/tick/borne diseases. A few such cases are currently in the legal system. In the majority of the cases that enter the legal system it is clear the perpetrator is significantly impaired and treatment occurs in the aftermath. Some, but not all, of the individuals involved in these cases have responded to treatment and now leading productive lives.

Most patients who acquire Lyme/tick/borne diseases do not become aggressive and should not be stigmatized. Many of the patients who do become aggressive can respond to effective treatment. However if the seriousness of Lyme/tick-borne diseases are overlooked there will be further tragedies that could be prevented with greater awareness and earlier and more effective treatment now. We need to change the focus of our system away from a primary focus upon guilt and punishment towards a greater emphasis upon insight and prevention. The unfortunate reality is there will be other tragic incidents in the future. It won’t be a chimpanzee in Connecticut or the shooting of a minister in Illinois, but some who are alive and healthy today will become the victims of future tragedies involving the mental symptoms associated with tick-borne diseases.

Some Peer-Reviewed References for Psychiatric Symptoms
and Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [letter]
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA.
SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Summer;10(3):366-7

Acute and chronic neuroborreliosis with and without CNS involvement: a clinical, MRI, and HLA study of 27 cases.

AUTHORS: Krüger H, Heim E, Schuknecht B, Scholz S.

SOURCE: J Neurol. 1991 Aug;238(5):271-80.

Altered mental status, an unusual manifestation of early disseminated Lyme disease: A case report.

AUTHORS: Chabria SB, Lawrason J.

SOURCE: J Med Case Reports. 2007 Aug 9;1:62.

Alzheimer’s disease and infection: Do infectious agents contribute to progression of Alzheimer’s disease?

AUTHORS: Honjo K, van Reekum R, Rand Nicolaas, Verhoeff NPLG.

SOURCE: Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Vol 5;4, July 2009, p 348-360

The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders
AUTHORS: Bransfield RC, Wulfman JS, Harvey WT, Usman AI.
SOURCE: Medical Hypotheses. 5 Nov 2007

Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits.

AUTHOR: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(5):1059-64. Epub 2006 Nov 17.

Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes.

AUTHOR: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(4):822-5. Epub 2006 Oct 20.

Antibodies against OspA epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi cross-react with neural tissue.

AUTHORS: Alaedini A, Latov N.

SOURCE: J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Feb;159(1-2):192-5. Epub 2004 Nov 26.

Audiologic manifestations of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome
AUTHORS: Shotland LI, Mastrioanni MA, Choo DL, Szymko-Bennett YM, Dally LG, Pikus AT, Sledjeski K, Marques A
SOURCE: Ear Hear. 2003 Dec;24(6):508-17

Bartonella sp. Bacteremia in Patients with Neurological and Neurocognitive Dysfunction.

AUTHORS: Journal of Clinical Midrobiology. 46(9):2856–2861

SOURCE: Breitschwerdt EB. Maggi RG, Nicholson WL, Cherry NA, Woods CW.

The basic syndromes of neurological disorders in Lyme borreliosis:

AUTHORS: Dekonenko EP, Umanskii KG, Virich IE, Kupriianova LV, Rudometov, IuP, Bagrov FI:

SOURCE: Ter Arkh 1995; 67 (11) : 52-53

Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer’s type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes.

AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins R, Reiss K, Darbinian N, Darekar P, Mihaly L, Khalili K.

SOURCE: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Feb;27(2):228-36.

Bell’s Palsy of the Gut and other Manifestations of Lyme and Associated Diseases

AUTHOR: Sherr VT

SOURCE: Practical Gastroenterology April 2006

Bilateral dorsolateral thalamic lesions disrupts conscious recollection.

AUTHORS: Edelstyn NM, Hunter B, Ellis SJ.

SOURCE: Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(6):931-8. Epub 2005 Oct 25.

Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease

AUTHOR: MIKLOSSY J

EDITORS: Duyckaerts C, Litvan I

SOURCE: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 89 (3rd series) Dementias 2008 Elsevier B.V.

Borrelia burgdorferi in the central nervous system: experimental and clinical evidence for early invasion.

AUTHORS: Garcia-Monco JC, Villar BF, Alen JC, Benach JL.

SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1990 Jun;161(6):1187-93.

Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder.
AUTHORS: Hess A, Buchmann J, Zettl UK, Henschel S, Schlaefke D, Grau G, Benecke R.
SOURCE: Biol Psychiatry 1999 Mar 15;45(6):795

Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease.

AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ.

SOURCE: J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Dec;6(6):639-49; discussion 673-81.

Borrelia burgdorferi-seropositive chronic encephalomyelopathy: Lyme neuroborreliosis? An autopsied report.
AUTHORS: Kobayashi K, Mizukoshi C, Aoki T, Muramori F, Hayashi M, Miyazu K, Koshino Y, Ohta M, Nakanishi I, Yamaguchi N.
SOURCE: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1997 Nov-Dec;8(6):384-90.

[Borreliosis–simultaneous Lyme carditis and psychiatric disorders–case report]

AUTHORS: Legatowicz-Koprowska M, Gziut AI, Walczak E, Gil RJ, Wagner T.

SOURCE: Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2008 May;24(143):433-5. Polish.

Brain SPECT Imaging in Chronic Lyme Disease.
AUTHORS: Plutchok JJ, Tikofsky RS, Liegner KB, Fallon BA, Van Heertum RL.
SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetal and Tick Borne-Diseases, 1999; 6: 10-16.

Carbamazepine in the treatment of Lyme disease-induced hyperacusis.
AUTHORS: Nields JA, Fallon BA, Jastreboff PJ.
SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999 Winter;11(1):97-9

Case report: Lyme disease and complex partial seizures.

AUTHOR: Bransfield RC.

SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetes and Tick-borne Diseases; Fall/Winter 1999, Vol 6, p123-125

Central nervous system manifestations of human ehrlichiosis.
AUTHORS: Ratnasamy N, Everett ED, Roland WE, McDonald G, Caldwell CW.
SOURCE: Clin Infect Dis 1996 Aug;23(2):314-9

Cerebral metabolic changes associated with Lyme disease
AUTHORS: Newberg A, Hassan A, Alavi A.
SOURCE: Nucl Med Commun 2002 August;23(8):773-777

Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases.

AUTHORS: Nicholson GL.

SOURCE: Lab Medicine. 2008;39(5):291-9.

Chronic borrelia encephalomyeloradiculitis with severe mental disturbance: immunosuppressive versus antibiotic therapy.

AUTHORS: Kollikowski HH, Schwendemann G, Schulz M, Wilhelm H, Lehmann HJ.

SOURCE: J Neurol. 1988 Jan;235(3):140-2.

Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease — role of Spirochetes.

AUTHORS: Miklossy J.

SOURCE: J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):381-91. Review.

Chronic neuroborreliosis in infancy

AUTHORS: Zamponi N, Cardinali C, Tavoni MA, Porfiri L, Rossi R, Manca A

SOURCE: Ital J Neurol Sci (1999) 20:303-307

Chronic neurologic manifestations of erythema migrans borreliosis.
AUTHORS: Ackermann R, Rehse-Kupper B, Gollmer E, Schmidt R.
SOURCE: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:16-23.

Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC.

SOURCE: N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 22;323(21):1438-44.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of psychiatric patients seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi.

AUTHORS: Hájek T, Libiger J, Janovská D, Hájek P, Alda M, Höschl C.

SOURCE: Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;21(2):118-22.

[Clinical manifestations and epidemiological aspects leading to a diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: neurological and psychiatric manifestations in the course of Lyme borreliosis]

AUTHORS: Créange A.

SOURCE: Med Mal Infect. 2007 Jul-Aug;37(7-8):532-9. Epub 2007 Mar 26. Review. French.

Co-existance of toxoplasmosis and neuroborreliosis – a case report.
AUTHORS: Gustaw K, Beltowska K, Dlugosz E.
SOURCE: Ann Agric Environ Med. 2005;12(2):305-8.

Cognitive functioning in late Lyme borreliosis.

AUTHORS: Krupp LB, Masur D, Schwartz J, Coyle PK, Langenbach LJ, Fernquist SK, Jandorf L, Halperin JJ.

SOURCE: Arch Neurol. 1991 Nov;48(11):1125-9.

Cognitive Impairments after Tick-borne Encephalitis.

AUTHORS: Gustaw-Rothenberg K.

SOURCE: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2008;26:165-168.

Cognitive processing speed in Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Pollina DA, Sliwinski M, Squires NK, Krupp LB.
SOURCE: Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1999 Jan;12(1):72-8.

Complaints attributed to chronic Lyme disease: depression or fibromyalgia?

AUTHORS: Berman DS, Wenglin BD.

SOURCE: Am J Med. 1995 Oct;99(4):440.

Concepts of trust among patients with serious illness.

AUTHORS: Mechanic D, Meyer S.

SOURCE: Soc Sci Med. 2000 Sep;51(5):657-68.

Concurrent infection of the central nervous system by Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella henselae: evidence for a novel tick-borne disease complex.

AUTHORS: Eskow E, Rao RV, Mordechai E.

SOURCE: Arch Neurol. 2001 Sep;58(9):1357-63.

Concurrent medical conditions with pediatric bipolar disorder.

AUTHORS: Scheffer RE, Linden S.

SOURCE: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;20(4):398-401. Review.

Consequences of treatment delay in Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Cameron DJ

SOURCE: J Eval Clin Pract. 2007 Jun;13(3):470-2.

Constipation Heralding Neuroborreliosis
AUTHORS: Shamim A, Shamim S; Liss G; Nylen E; Pincus J; Yepes M.
SOURCE: Arch Neurol. 2005;62:671-673.

A Controlled Study of Cognitive Deficits in Children With Chronic Lyme Disease
AUTHORS: Tager FA, Fallon BA, Keilp J, Rissenberg M, Jones CR, Liebowitz MR.
SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 13:500-507, November 2001
FULL TEXT: http://www.lymediseaseassociation.org/Tager.pdf

Behavioral Consequences of Infections of the Central Nervous System: With Emphasis on Viral Infections

AUTHORS: Tselis A, MD, Booss J.

SOURCE: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 31:289–98, 2003

Catatonic syndrome in acute severe encephalitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection.

Pfister HW, Preac-Mursic V, Wilske B, Rieder G, Forderreuther S, Schmidt S, AUTHORS: Kapfhammer HP.

SOURCE: Neurology. 1993 Feb;43(2):433-5.

Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Logigian EL; Kaplan RF; Steere AC
SOURCE: N Engl J Med 1990 Nov 22;323(21):1438- 44.

Delirium and Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Caliendo MV, Kushon DJ, Helz JW.
SOURCE: Psychosomatics. 1995 Jan-Feb;36(1):69-74.

Delusional disorders in the course of tick-born encephalitis and borreliosis in patients with hemophilia A and posttraumatic epilepsy–diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties]

AUTHORS: Grzywa A, Karakuła H, Górecka J, Chuchra M.

SOURCE: Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2004 Jan;16(91):60-3. Polish.

Dementia associated with infectious diseases.

AUTHOR: Almeida OP, Lautenschlager NT.

SOURCE: Int Psychogeriatr. 2005;17 Suppl 1:S65-77. Review.

Demyelinating polyradiculitis in neuro borreliosis:

AUTHORS: Corral I, Sanchis G, Garcia-Ribas G, Quereda C, Escudero R, de Blas G:

SOURCE: Neurologia 1995 Feb; 10 (2) : 110-113

Detection of Bartonella henselae by polymerase chain reaction in brain tissue of an immunocompromised patient with multiple enhancing lesions. Case report and review of the literature.

AUTHORS: George TI, Manley G, Koehler JE, Hung VS, McDermott M, Bollen A.

SOURCE: J Neurosurg. 1998 Oct;89(4):640-4. Review.

The diagnosis of Lyme disease.

AUTHOR: Bransfield RC.

SOURCE: Hosp Pract (Minneap). 1996 Aug 15;31(8):35, 40.

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease.

AUTHOR: Bransfield RC.

SOURCE: JAMA. 1998 Sep 23-30;280(12):1049; author reply 1051.

Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Disease with Special Reference to Psychiatric Practice.
AUTHORS: Nields JA, Fallon BA.
SOURCE: Directions in Psychiatry, 1998, 18: 209-228.

[Differential diagnostic problems in Lyme disease (Borrelia infection resulting in acute exogenous psychosis)]

AUTHORS: Császár T, Patakfalvi A.

SOURCE: Orv Hetil. 1994 Oct 9;135(41):2269-71.

A disease in disguise. Lyme can masquerade as migraine, or as madness.

AUTHORS: Cowley G, Underwood A.

SOURCE: Newsweek. 2004 Aug 23;144(8):62.

Do bartonella infections cause agitation, panic disorder, and treatment-resistant depression?

AUTHORS: Schaller JL, Burkland GA, Langhoff PJ.

SOURCE: MedGenMed. 2007 Sep 13;9(3):54.

Does process-specific slowing account for cognitive deficits in Lyme disease?

AUTHORS: Pollina DA, Elkins LE, Squires NK, Scheffer SR, Krupp LB.

SOURCE: Appl Neuropsychol. 1999;6(1):27-32.

Early disseminated Lyme disease: Lyme meningitis.

AUTHOR: Pachner AR

SOURCE: Am J Med; (1995) 98(4A):30S-37S

Efficacy of a long-term antibiotic treatment in patients with a chronic Tick Associated Poly-organic Syndrome (TAPOS).

AUTHOR: Clarissou J, Song A, Bernede C, Guillemot D, Dinh A, Ader F, Perronne C, Salomon J.

SOURCE: Med Mal Infect. 2009 Feb;39(2):108-15. Epub 2009 Jan 4.

Emerging infectious determinants of chronic diseases.

AUTHORS: O’Connor SM, Taylor CE, Hughes JM.

SOURCE: Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jul;12(7):1051-7.

Endogenous paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome caused by Borrelia encephalitis
AUTHORS: Barnett W, Sigmund D, Roelcke U, Mundt C.
SOURCE: Nervenarzt 1991 Jul;62(7):445-7 [German]

Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1988.
AUTHORS: Eng TR, Harkess JR, Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Greene CN, Redus MA, Satalowich FT.
SOURCE: JAMA 1990 Nov 7;264(17):2251-8

[Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid serotonin (5-HT) concentration in patients with post-Lyme disease syndrome–preliminary study]

AUTHORS: Kepa L, Oczko-Grzesik B, Badura-Glombik T.

SOURCE: Przegl Epidemiol. 2008;62(4):793-800. Polish.

Evidence for Mycoplasma, ssp., Chalmydia pneumoniae, and Human Herpes-virus 6 Coinfections in Blood of patients with Autistic Spectrum Disorders.

AUTHORS: Nicholson GL, Gann R, Nicholson NL, Haier J.

SOURCE: Journal of Neuroscience Research 2007 85.

Failure of tetracycline therapy in early Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Dattwyler RJ, Halperin JJ.
SOURCE: Arthritis Rheum. 1987 Apr;30(4):448-50.

First-episode psychosis in a managed care setting: clinical management and research.

AUTHORS: Jarskog LF, Mattioli MA, Perkins DO, Lieberman JA.

SOURCE: Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jun;157(6):878-84.

FLAIR and magnetization transfer imaging of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome.

AUTHORS: Morgen K, Martin R, Stone RD, Grafman J, Kadom N, McFarland HF, Marques A.

SOURCE: Neurology. 2001 Dec 11;57(11):1980-5.

Functional Brain Imaging and Neuropsychological Testing in Lyme Disease
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Das S, Plutchok JJ, Tager F, Liegner K, Van Heertum R.
SOURCE: CID 1997; 25:S57-63
COMPLETE ARTICLE AT:
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/issues/v25nS1/jy21_57/jy21_57.web.pdf

Geographical and seasonal correlation of multiple sclerosis to sporadic schizophrenia.

AUTHOR: Fritzsche M.

SOURCE: Int J Health Geogr. 2002 Dec 20;1(1):5.

Geographic correlation of schizophrenia to ticks and tick-borne encephalitis.
AUTHOR: Brown JS Jr.
SOURCE: Schizophr Bull 1994;20(4):755-75

Geographic distribution of Lyme disease in Mudanjiang
AUTHOR: Zhang Z.
SOURCE: Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 1991 Jun;12(3):154-7. [Chinese]

Gestational Lyme borreliosis. Implications for the fetus.

AUTHOR: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989 Nov;15(4):657-77. Review.

Higher Prevalence of Antibodies to Borrelia Burgdorferi in Psychiatric Patients Than in Healthy Subjects
AUTHORS: Hajek T, Paskova B, Janovska D, Bahbouh R, Hajek P, Libiger J, Hoschl C.
SOURCE: Am J Psychiatry 159:297-301, February 2002
COMPLETE TEXT AT: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/159/2/297

Human babesiosis–an unrecorded reality.
AUTHOR: Sherr VT
SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2004;63(4):609-15

Hypochondriasis and obsessive compulsive disorder: overlaps in diagnosis and treatment.

AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Javitch JA, Hollander E, Liebowitz MR.

SOURCE: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. November 1991: 52(11):457-60.

Increased anti-streptococcal antibodies in patients with Tourette’s syndrome.

AUTHORS: Muller N, Riedel M, Straube A, Gunther W, Wilske B.

SOURCE: Psychiatry Res. 2000 Apr 24;94(1):43-9.

Infectious Agents in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

AUTHORS: Yolken RH, Torrey EF,

SOURCE: 2006 June 43(7)

Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme Borreliosis. A report on three patients and review of literature;

AUTHORS: Oksi J, Kalimo H, Marttila RJ, Marjarnaki M, Sonninen P, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK:

SOURCE: Brain, 1996 Dec; 119 (Pt 6) : 2143-2154

Integrating Infectious Disease and Neuropsychoimmunology Research into the Practice of Psychiatry.

AUTHOR: Bransfield RC

SOURCE: 9th Psychoimmunology Expert Meeting, Gunzburg, Germany. InVivo (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pathophysiology and Drug Research) suppl. October 2007.

Interaction of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi with Brain Parenchyma Elicits Inflammatory Mediators from Glial Cells as Well as Glial and Neuronal Apoptosis AUTHORS: Ramesh R, Borda JT, Dufor J, Kaushal D, Ramamoorthy R, Lackner AA, Philipp MT

SOURCE: The American Journal of Pathology, Vol. 173, No. 5, November 2008

Invasion of human neuronal and glial cells by an infectious strain of Borrelia burgdorferi.

AUTHORS: Livengood JA, Gilmore RD Jr.

SOURCE: Microbes Infect. 2006 Nov-Dec;8(14-15):2832-40. Epub 2006 Sep 22.

[Isocyanate exposure in first line differential diagnosis. A case report illustrates general practitioners’ symptom dilemma]

AUTHOR: Järhult B.

SOURCE: Lakartidningen. 2004 Jul 22;101(30-31):2417-9. Swedish.

Isolated monolateral neurosensory hearing loss as a rare sign of neuroborreliosis.

AUTHORS: Iero I, Elia M, Cosentino FI, Lanuzza B, Spada RS, Toscano G, Tripodi M, Belfiore A, Ferri R.

SOURCE: Neurol Sci. 2004 Apr;25(1):30-3.

Late-Stage Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borreliosis: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
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SOURCE: Psychosomatics 1995;36:295-300
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A life cycle for Borrelia spirochetes?

AUTHOR: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):810-8. Epub 2006 May 22.

The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study.

AUTHORS: Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Logigian EL, Steere AC, Kaplan RF, Berardi VP, Duray PH, Larson MG, Wright EA, Ginsburg KS, Katz JN, Liang MH.

SOURCE: Ann Intern Med. 1994 Oct 15;121(8):560-7.

Long-term cognitive effects of Lyme disease in children.
AUTHORS: Adams WV, Rose CD, Eppes SC, Klein JD.
SOURCE: Appl Neuropsychol 1999;6(1):39-45

The long-term course of Lyme arthritis in children.

AUTHORS: Szer IS, Taylor E, Steere AC.

SOURCE: N Engl J Med. 1991 Jul 18;325(3):159-63.

Loss of the sense of humor
AUTHOR: Ramanan SV.
SOURCE: Arch Intern Med 2000 Sep 11;160(16):2546

Lyme borreliosis in neurology and psychiatry
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Lyme Borreliosis: Neuropsychiatric Aspects and Neuropathology

AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Vaccaro BJ, Romano M, Clemente MD.

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Lyme Disease: A Neuropsychiatric Illness
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA.
SOURCE: Am J Psychiatry 1994 Nov;151(11):1571-83
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Lyme disease: an infectious and postinfectious syndrome.

AUTHOR: Asch ES, Bujak DI, Weiss M, Peterson MG, Weinstein A.

SOURCE: Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 Mar;21(3):454-61

Lyme Disease and the Clinical Spectrum of Antibiotic Responsive Chronic Meningoencephalomyelitides

AUTHORS: Liegner KB, Duray P, et al.

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Lyme Disease, Comorbid Tick-Borne Diseases, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders – Psychiatric Times

AUTHOR: Bransfield RC.

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Lyme disease presenting as Tourette’s syndrome.

AUTHORS: Riedel M, Straube A, Schwarz MJ, Wilske B, Muller N.

SOURCE: Lancet. 1998 Feb 7;351(9100):418-9

Lyme disease surveillance in Maryland, 1992.

AUTHORS: Steinberg SH, Strickland GT, Pena C, Israel E.

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Lyme encephalopathy.
AUTHORS: Sanders K, Rogers JD.
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Lyme encephalopathy: long-term neuropsychological deficits years after acute neuroborreliosis.
AUTHORS: Benke T, Gasse T, Hittmair-Delazer M, Schmutzhard E.
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Lyme encephalopathy: a neuropsychological perspective.

AUTHORS: Kaplan RF, Jones-Woodward L.

SOURCE: Semin Neurol. 1997 Mar;17(1):31-7. Review.

Lyme neuroborreliosis:

AUTHORS: Garcia-Monco JC, Benach JL:

SOURCE: Ann Neurol 1995 Jun; 37 (6) : 691-70

Lyme neuroborreliosis: central nervous system manifestations.

AUTHORS: Halperin JJ, Luft BJ, Anand AK, Roque CT, Alvarez O, Volkman DJ, Dattwyler RJ.

SOURCE: Neurology. 1989 Jun;39(6):753-9.

Lyme Neuroborreliosis: infection, immunity and inflammation.

AUTHORS: Pachner AR, Steiner I

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Lyme neuroborreliosis manifesting as an intracranial mass lesion.
AUTHORS: Murray R, Morawetz R, Kepes J, el Gammal T, LeDoux M.
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Lyme neuroborreliosis of mental manifestation. Apropos of a case
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Lyme neuroborreliosis revealed as a normal pressure hydrocephalus: a cause of reversible dementia.
AUTHORS: Etienne M, Carvalho P, Fauchais AL, Pestel-Caron M, Doucet J, Chassagne P.
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Lyme Psychosis
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Measurement of long-term outcomes in observational and randomised controlled trials.

AUTHORS: Hodgson R, Bushe C, Hunter R.

SOURCE: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2007 Aug;50:s78-84. Review.

Memory and executive functions in adolescents with posttreatment Lyme disease
AUTHORS: McAuliffe P, Brassard MR, Fallon B
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Memory impairment and depression in patients with Lyme encephalopathy: comparison with fibromyalgia and nonpsychotically depressed patients.

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Meningoradiculoencephalitis in Lyme disease. A case with major regressive mental disorders.
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Mental disorders in the course of lyme borreliosis and tick borne encephalitis
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Mental disorders in the course of neuroborreliosis: own observation
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Mental disorders in Lyme disease
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[Mental disorders in the course of lyme borreliosis and tick borne encephalitis]

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[Mental disorders in the course of neuroborreliosis: own observation]

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SOURCE: Psychiatr Pol. 1999 Nov-Dec;33(6):939-46. Polish.

Mental nerve neuropathy in Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Maillefert JF, Dardel P, Piroth C, Tavernier C.

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Mental problems in Lyme disease
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Morgellons disease, illuminating an undefined illness: a case series

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Multiple neurologic manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection
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Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy and Lyme disease: medical misogyny or diagnostic mystery?
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Musical Hallucinations in Patients with Lyme Disease
AUTHORS: Stricker R, Winger
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Neopterin production and tryptophan degradation in acute Lyme neuroborreliosis versus late Lyme encephalopathy.

AUTHORS: Gasse T, Murr C, Meyersbach P, Schmutzhard E, Wachter H, Fuchs D.

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Neuroborreliosis.

AUTHOR: Kaiser B

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Neuroborreliosis: a psychiatric problem?
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[Neuroborreliosis in a patient with progressive supranuclear paralysis. An association or the cause?]

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Neurocognitive abnormalities in children after classic manifestations of Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Bloom BJ, Wyckoff PM, Meissner HC, Steere AC.

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Neurologic syndromes in Lyme disease
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[Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of Lyme disease]

AUTHORS: Blanc F; GEBLY.

SOURCE: Med Mal Infect. 2007 Jul-Aug;37(7-8):435-45. Epub 2007 Mar 9. Review.

Neurologic manifestations in children with North American Lyme disease.

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Neurological Complications of Lyme Disease: Dilemmas in Diagnosis and Treatment

AUTHORS: Stratmoen M.

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[Neurological manifestations of Lyme disease]

AUTHORS: García-Moncó JC, Benach JL.

SOURCE: Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1989 Nov;7(9):501-6. Review. Spanish.

Neurological Manifestations of Lyme Disease, The New “Great Imitator”

AUTHOR: Pachner AR:

SOURCE: Infectious Disease; 11 Suppl 6:S1482-1486;1989

Neurological and psychological symptoms after the severe acute neuroborreliosis.
AUTHORS: Gustaw K, Beltowska K, Studzinska MM.
SOURCE: Ann Agric Environ Med 2001;8(1):91-4
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Neurologic Manifestations of Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Ragnaud JM, Morlat P, Buisson M, Perrer X, Orgogozo JM, Julien J, SOURCE: Beylot J, Aubertin J: Apropos of 25 cases:Rev Med Interne 1995; 16 (7) : 487-494

Neurologic manifestations of Lyme borreliosis in children:

AUTHORS: Millner M:

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Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease: the New ‘Great Imitator’
AUTHOR: Fallon B
SOURCE: Psychiatric Times, June 2004

The neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme borreliosis
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA, Burrascano JJ, Liegner K, DelBene D, Liebowitz MR.
SOURCE: Psychiatr Q 1992 Spring;63(1):95-117
COMPLETE TEXT AT:
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Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease.
AUTHOR: Fallon BA.
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Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme disease
AUTHOR: Paparone PW.
SOURCE: J Am Osteopath Assoc 1998 Jul;98(7):373-8

Neuropsychiatric Masquerades – Psychiatric Times

AUTHOR: Kaplan A

SOURCE: Psychiatric Times 2009 Feb 26(2)1-8.

Neuropsychological deficits in Lyme disease patients with and without other evidence of central nervous system pathology.

AUTHORS: Kaplan RF, Jones-Woodward L, Workman K, Steere AC, Logigian EL, Meadows ME.

SOURCE: Appl Neuropsychol. 1999;6(1):3-11.

Neuropsychological deficits in neuroborreliosis.

AUTHORS: Primavera A, Gazzola P, De Maria AF.

SOURCE: Neurology. 1999 Sep 11;53(4):895-6.

The neuropsychological examination of naming in Lyme borreliosis.

AUTHORS: Svetina C, Barr WB, Rastogi R, Hilton E.

SOURCE: Appl Neuropsychol. 1999;6(1):33-8.

Neuropsychological functioning in chronic Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Westervel HJ, McCaffrey RJ.
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On the question of infectious aetiologies for multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and the chronic fatigue syndrome and their treatment with antibiotics

AUTHOR: Frykholm BO.

SOURCE: Medical Hypotheses (2009) in print

The organic disorders in the course of Lyme disease
AUTHORS: Rudnik I, Konarzewska B, Zajkowska J, Juchnowicz D, Markowski T, Pancewicz SA
SOURCE: Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 2004 Apr;16(94):328-31

Other Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe

AUTHORS: Bitam I, Raoult D.

SOURCE: Curr Probl Dermatol. 2009;37:130-154. Epub 2009 Apr 8

Pain, fatigue, depression after borreliosis. Antibiotics used up–what next?
AUTHORS: Woessner R, Treib J
SOURCE: MMW Fortschr Med. 2003 Sep 18;145(38):45-8

Painful hallucinations and somatic delusions in a patient with the possible diagnosis of neuroborreliosis.
AUTHORS: Bar KJ, Jochum T, Hager F, Meissner W, Sauer H.
SOURCE: Clin J Pain. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(4):362-3.

Panic Attacks May Reveal Previously Unsuspected Chronic Disseminated Lyme Disease
AUTHOR: Sherr VT.
SOURCE: Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 6:352-356, November 2000

Parasitic delirium in patient with multiorganic pathology: a complex situation
AUTHORS: Hernandez-Albujar S, Rubio G, Gopar J, Galeote G, Rey R, Gil A.
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Pediatric Lyme Disease A School Issue: Tips for School Nurses

AUTHORS: Hamlen RA, Kliman DS

SOURCE: NASN School Nurse 2009; 24; 114

The Physician as a Patient: Lyme Disease, Ehrlichiosis, and Babesiosis: A Recounting of a Personal Experience with Tick-Borne Diseases

AUTHORS: Sherr VT.
SOURCE: Practical Gastroenterology, January 2000

Plaques of Alzheimer’s disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete.

AUTHORS: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(3):592-600. Epub 2006 May 3.

[Positive anti-Borrelia antibodies in patients with clinical manifestations compatible with neuroborreliosis]

AUTHORS: Izquierdo G, Aguilar J, Barranquero A, Navarro G, Borobio MV, Angulo S, Domínguez I, Quesada MA.

SOURCE: Neurologia. 1992 Feb;7(2):50-4. Spanish.

Post-Lyme syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychiatric similarities and differences.

AUTHORS: Gaudino EA, Coyle PK, Krupp LB.

SOURCE: Arch Neurol. 1997 Nov;54(11):1372-6.

Potential uses of Modafinil in Psychiatric Disorders

AUTHOR: Bransfield RC.
SOURCE: Journal of Applied Research, 2004 Spring; 4(2): 198-208

Preventable cases of autism: relationship between chronic infectious disease and neurological outcome.

AUTHORS: Bransfield RC.

SOURCE: Pediatric Health. (2009) April 3(2).

Primarily chronic and cerebrovascular course of Lyme neuroborreliosis: case reports and literature review.

AUTHORS: Wilke M, Eiffert H, Christen HJ, Hanefeld F.

SOURCE: Arch Dis Child. 2000 Jul;83(1):67-71. Review.

Post-Lyme syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychiatric similarities and differences.
AUTHORS: Gaudino EA, Coyle PK, Krupp LB.
SOURCE: Arch Neurol 1997 Nov;54(11):1372-6

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi serum antibodies in 651 patients with predominantly neurologic diseases
AUTHORS: Muller M, Retzl J, Plank E, Scholz H, Ziervogel H, Stanek G.
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Protein markers for Alzheimer disease in the frontal cortex and cerebellum.

AUTHORS: Verdile G, Gnjec A, Miklossy J, Fonte J, Veurink G, Bates K, Kakulas B, Mehta PD, Milward EA, Tan N, Lareu R, Lim D, Dharmarajan A, Martins RN.

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Psychiatric aspects of Lyme disease in children and adolescents:
A community epidemiologic study in Westchester, New York
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Bird H, Hoven C, Cameron D, Liebowitz MR, Shaffer S.
SOURCE: JSTD 1994; 1:98-100

Psychiatric Issues in Infectious Diseases

AUTHOR: Levenson JL

SOURCE: Primary Psychiatry 2006;13(5):29-32.

Psychiatric manifestations of Lyme borreliosis
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA, Parsons B, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF.
SOURCE: J Clin Psychiatry 1993 Jul;54(7):263-8

Psychiatric presentations of non-HIV infectious diseases.
AUTHORS: Schneider RK, Robinson MJ, Levenson JL.
SOURCE: Psychiatr Clin North Am 2002 Mar;25(1):1-16

Psychiatric symptomatology associated with presumptive Lyme disease: Clinical evidence.

AUTHORS: Battaglia H, Alvarez G, Mercau A, Fay M, Campodonico M.

SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Diseases 2000; Spring/September;1-6.

Psychologic disorders in acute and persistent neuroborreliosis
AUTHORS: Poplawska R, Konarzewska B, Gudel-Trochimowicz I, Szulc A.
SOURCE: Pol Merkuriusz Lek 2001 Jan;10(55):36-7 [Polish]

Psychological states and neuropsychological performances in chronic Lyme disease
AUTHORS: Elkins LE, Pollina DA, Scheffer SR, Krupp LB.
SOURCE: Appl Neuropsychol 1999;6(1):19-26

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, et al.
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Rapidly progressive frontal-type dementia associated with Lyme disease
AUTHORS: Waniek C, Prohovnik I, Kaufman MA, Dwork AJ.
SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995 Summer;7(3):345-7

Recurrent and relapsing course of borreliosis of the nervous system
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Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive deficits in chronic lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Keilp J, Prohovnik I, Heertum RV, Mann JJ.
SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003 Summer;15(3):326-32.

Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate in persistent Lyme encephalopathy.

AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Lipkin RB, Corbera KM, Yu S, Nobler MS, Keilp JG, Petkova E, Lisanby SH, Moeller JR, Slavov I, Van Heertum R, Mensh BD, Sackeim HA.

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Repeated Antibiotic Therapy in Chronic Lyme Disease.
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Results of a prospective standardized study of 30 patients with chronic neurological and cognitive disorders after tick bites
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Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion in Lyme encephalopathy
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The role of kynurenines in disorders of the central nervous system: Possibilities for neuroprotection.

AUTHORS: Vamos E, Pardutz A, Klivenyi P, Toldi J, Vecsei L.

SOURCE: J Neurol Sci. 2009 Mar 4.

Role of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Buyske S, Savage SV, Gara M, Escobar JI, Sigal LH.

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Screening for Lyme disease in hospitalized psychiatric patients: prospective serosurvey in an endemic area.

AUTHORS: Nadelman RB, Herman E, Wormser GP.

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Seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to Ixodes ticks and Lyme borreliosis
AUTHOR: Fritzsche M.
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[Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus. A complication of chronic neuroborreliosis]

AUTHORS: Druschky K, Stefan H, Grehl H, Neundörfer B.

SOURCE: Nervenarzt. 1999 Jun;70(6):556-9. German.

Severity of Lyme disease with persistent symptoms. Insights from a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

AUTHOR: Cameron D.

SOURCE: Minerva Med. 2008 Oct;99(5):489-96.

Sleep quality in Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Greenberg HE, Ney G, Scharf SM, Ravdin L, Hilton E.
SOURCE: Sleep. 1995 Dec;18(10):912-6.

Spirochetal cyst forms in neurodegenerative disorders,…hiding in plain sight.

AUTHORS: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):819-32. Epub 2006 Jul 7.

Spirochetal diseases of the nervous system.

AUTHORS: Cintron R, Pachner AR.

SOURCE: Curr Opin Neurol. 1994 Jun;7(3):217-22. Review.

Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial.

AUTHORS: Krupp LB, Hyman LG, Grimson R, Coyle PK, Melville P, Ahnn S, Dattwyler R, Chandler B.

SOURCE: Neurology. 2003 Jun 24;60(12):1923-30.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Cheherama M, Zagardo MT, Koski CL

SOURCE: Neurology (1997);48:520-523

Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone.

AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC.

SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):377-83.

Survival strategies of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Embers ME, Ramamoorthy R, Philipp MT.

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Transfection “Junk” DNA – a link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease?

AUTHORS: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(6):1140-1. Epub 2006 Feb 14.

Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Bransfield R, Brand S, Sherr V.

SOURCE: N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1424-5.

Treatment-Resistant Depression: Progress and Limitations

AUTHORS: Amsterdam JD, O’Reardon JP

SOURCE: Psychiatric Annals. 1998;28(11):633

Tullio phenomenon and seronegative Lyme borreliosis [letter]
AUTHORS: Nields JA, Kueton JF.
SOURCE: Lancet 1991 Jul 13;338(8759):128-9

The Underdiagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease in Children and Adults
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Kochevar JM, Gaito A, Nields JA.
SOURCE: Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1998; 21: 693-703
COMPLETE TEXT AT:
http://www.lymenet.org

Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth’s syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis. A case report.
AUTHORS: Roelcke U, Barnett W, Wilder-Smith E, Sigmund D, Hacke W.
SOURCE: J Neurol 1992 Mar;239(3):129-31

An unusual presentation of cat scratch encephalitis.

AUTHORS: Chan L, Reilly KM, Snyder HS.

SOURCE: J Emerg Med. 1995 Nov-Dec;13(6):769-72.

Update on lyme disease: the hidden epidemic.

AUTHOR: Savely VR.

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The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in North Staffordshire.

AUTHORS: Hodgson R, Belgamwar R, Al-tawarah Y, MacKenzie G.

SOURCE: Hum Psychopharmacol. 2005 Mar;20(2):141-7.

Value of clinical symptoms, intrathecal specific antibody production and PCR in CSF in the diagnosis of childhood Lyme neuroborreliosis:

AUTHORS: Issakainen J, Gnehm HE, Lucchini GM, Zbinden R:

SOURCE: Klin Padiatr 1996 May-Jun; 208 (3) : 106-109

WAIS-III and WMS-III performance in chronic Lyme disease.
AUTHORS: Keilp JG, Corbera K, Slavov I, Taylor MJ, Sackeim HA, Fallon BA.
SOURCE: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2006 Jan;12(1):119-29

A 25-year-old woman with hallucinations, hypersexuality, nightmares, and a rash.
AUTHORS: Stein SL, Solvason HB, Biggart E, Spiegel D.
SOURCE: Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Apr;153(4):545-51.

A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later.

Steere AC.

JAMA. 2002 Aug 28;288(8):1002-10.

A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later.

Burns RB, Hartman EE.

JAMA. 2003 Dec 24;290(24):3247.

Some of the above references are online at:

Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease Online Resources:
http://www.lymeinfo.net/neuropsych.html

From David William’s Alternatives Newsletter.

Dr. David G. Williams — ALTERNATIVES — v6 n1, July 1995

Moving on to more “exotic” techniques to increase immune system efficiency, we come to castor oil. I can remember my dad telling me time after time about his mother’s devotion to castor oil when he was growing up. At the first sign of any illness in one child, she would immediately give all the children a quick oral dose of castor oil. There’s no doubt it provided a quick solution for constipation, and from what I can tell, it must have a positive effect on memory too. My dad can vividly remember the taste and effects of castor oil to this very day.

In many ways, castor oil is a very unique substance. While most of us are familiar with its use as a remedy for constipation, folk healers in this country and around the world have used castor oil to treat a wide variety of conditions. Its effectiveness is probably due in part to its peculiar chemical composition.

Castor oil is a triglyceride of fatty acids. Almost 90 percent of its fatty acid content consists of ricinoleic acid. To my knowledge, ricinoleic acid is not found in any other substance except castor oil. Such a high concentration of this unusual, unsaturated fatty acid is thought to be responsible for castor oil’s remarkable healing abilities.

Ricinoleic acid has been shown to be effective in preventing the growth of numerous species of viruses, bacteria, yeasts and molds. (J Am Oil Chem Soc 61;37.323-325.) This would explain the high degree of success in the topical use of the oil for treating such ailments as ringworm, keratoses (non-cancerous, wart-like skin growths), skin inflammation, abrasions, fungal-infected finger- and toenails, acne and chronic pruritus (itching). Generally, for these conditions the area involved is simply wrapped in cloth soaked with castor oil each night, or if the area is small enough, a castor oil soaked Band-Aid can be used. (For persistent infections and those finger- and toenails that have discolored and hardened, a good 10 to 20 minute soak in Epsom salts, prior to applying the castor oil, usually speeds up the healing process.)

Castor oil’s antimicrobial activity, while very impressive, comprises only a small part of the story concerning this mysterious oil. While castor oil has been thoroughly investigated for its industrial uses, only a minimal amount of research effort has been directed toward its medicinal benefits.

In Russia the oil is known as “Kastorka.” The stem of the plant is used in the textile industry. The extracted oil has a very consistent viscosity and won’t freeze even in Russia’s severe climate. This makes it an ideal lubricating oil in industrial equipment. Medicinally, the oil is added to products to restore hair (one part oil to 10 parts of grain alcohol), treat constipation, skin ulcers, some infectious gynecological conditions and eye irritations.

The castor bean plant is actually native to India, where it is called “Erand.” There we found it being used extensively for all types of gastrointestinal problems like constipation, dysentery and inflammatory bowel disease. It was also used to treat bladder and vaginal infections and asthma. We were told the seed kernels or hulls (without the actual seed) could be boiled in milk and water and taken internally to relieve arthritis and lower back pain accompanied by sciatica.

We also found early reports of nursing mothers in the Canary Islands using poultices made from the leaves of the castor bean. They applied the poultice to their breasts to increase milk secretion and relieve inflammation and milk stagnation in the mammary glands. Applying the poultice to the abdominal area promoted normal menstruation.

While I find all of these uses of castor oil very interesting, the most exciting use deals with ways to increase topical absorption through the use of castor oil packs or poultices.

Much of the current use of castor oil packs, in the U.S. anyway, can be attributed to the late healing psychic, Edgar Cayce. Time after time he recommended their use. Based on his reports, I began to use them in my practice over 12 years ago. But even though I, and numerous other doctors, have continued to experience remarkable results, the technique is still practically unknown and shunned by most health care professionals today. This is probably due to two reasons. First, it’s just too simple. It’s hard for most people to imagine that something as simple as castor oil packs could have a profound effect on any health problem. Secondly, in our present health care system, positive results alone do not constitute the critical factor in determining whether a treatment will be accepted by the medical establishment. [Everybody (except probably the poor patient) now seems to be more concerned about how something is supposed to work, than whether it actually works at all.] Recent research data presented by longtime follower of Edgar Cayce, Dr. William McGarey of Phoenix, Arizona, might help shed some light on how castor oil works.

If you’re not particularly interested in how castor oil enhances the immune system, feel free to skip the next couple of paragraphs. Anyone suffering from AIDS or other serious viral or bacterial diseases may find this information helpful, however. Numerous AIDS patients have been able to increase their T-cell counts and clear up many of their problems by using the techniques I’ll be describing. Others have found it useful in eliminating chronic problems with epilepsy, hyperactivity, liver and gallbladder diseases and chronic fluid retention. (Fortunately, to benefit from this and other natural therapies you really don’t have to understand how they work.)

McGarey has reported that, when used properly, castor oil packs improve the function of the thymus gland and other areas of the immune system. More specifically, he found in two separate studies that patients using abdominal castor oil packs had significant increases in the production of lymphocytes compared to increases among those using placebo packs.

Lymphocytes are the disease-fighting cells of your immune system. They are produced and housed mainly in your lymphatic tissue. This includes the thymus gland, the spleen, the lymph nodes and the lymphatic tissue that lines the small intestine (called Peyer’s patches, or more commonly, aggregated lymphatic follicles). Strangely, other than knowing it produces the body’s white blood cells, most doctors are not very knowledgeable about the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system is an amazingly complex structure. It works hand in hand with both the blood circulatory system and the digestive system.

In the circulatory system newly oxygenated blood from the lungs moves from the heart along smaller and smaller arteries until it reaches the smallest vessels called capillaries. It is in these microscopic tubules that the blood exchanges oxygen and nutrients for cellular waste products with surrounding body cells. The capillaries then gradually become larger and form veins through which the unoxygenated, waste-carrying blood returns back to the lungs and then to the heart to be recirculated time and time again.

Much of the fluid accompanying the blood and large protein molecules leak from these capillaries. Additional fluids and waste products are expelled from every cell in the body. These fluids accumulate in the small spaces between the cells. If all of this material weren’t somehow removed we would begin to swell like a toad and die within a matter of 24 hours. Fortunately, we have a completely separate circulation system, called the lymphatic system, that is able to absorb and remove these fluids, proteins and waste materials. With the exception of the brain, where these proteins and fluids flow directly into the fluid that surrounds them, the extensive lymphatic network has hundreds of miles of tubules that cover the entire body. Through these tubules all of this material is returned to the blood so it can be utilized or eliminated from the body. (There is no pathway, other than the lymphatic system, that excess protein molecules can use to return to the circulatory system.)

Also, along these lymphatic tubules you’ll find bulb-shaped masses called lymph nodes, which act as filters and produce antibodies when foreign proteins are encountered. I’m sure you’ve experienced the tenderness and swelling of an inflamed lymph node at one time or another. It is usually a result of antibodies fighting an infection either in the node itself or somewhere in the draining area of that particular lymph chain.

In addition to returning leaking fluid from the circulation system and creating antibodies for the immune system, the lymphatic system also performs another very important function. Clumps of lymphatic tissue, called Peyer’s patches, are spread throughout the small intestine. Unlike other nutrients, fat molecules are generally too large to be absorbed directly from the intestine. Instead, they are absorbed by these patches and transported along the lymphatic system and then released into the blood stream where they can be carried throughout the body. Between 80 to 90 percent of all the fat absorbed from the gut requires the help of the lymphatic system.

When it comes to treating the majority of health problems, the status of your lymphatic system is rarely given any consideration whatsoever. Medical students are taught that a failure of the lymphatic system is obvious to detect because it is accompanied by “pitting” edema (the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, i.e. swelling, usually in the feet, ankles or hands). The test for “pitting” edema is rather simple. A finger is pressed into the skin at the area of the swelling and then quickly removed. The skin stays depressed, forming a small “pit”, which remains until the fluid outside the cells has time to return to the area (this can take anywhere from 5 to 30 seconds). Unfortunately, research studies have shown that “pitting” edema and other signs of fluid retention can’t be observed until fluid levels outside the cells reach 30 percent above normal. In other words, you can have a serious lymphatic drainage problem long before it can be detected.

Several problems occur when the lymph drainage slows and fluids begin to accumulate around the cells. First, the individual cells are forced further and further away from the capillaries. The amount of oxygen and nourishment they receive is decreased. Under exertion or stress some cells may die. Additionally, cells are forced to survive in their own waste and toxic by-products. This situation can eventually lead to the degeneration and destruction of organs. For example, poor lymphatic drainage of the heart can lead to tissue damage and even heart failure. Similar problems occur in the liver, the kidneys and other organs.

A good analogy would be if you confined yourself to one room of your house. Someone could bring you food and water, but not remove any of your waste products. Eventually you would have difficulty remaining healthy in such an environment. As your waste accumulated, not only would you become sick, those around you would begin to experience the same fate. Just like it is for each cell, in addition to nourishment and oxygen, the removal of waste products is essential for continued health of the entire body.

Fluid accumulation outside the cells also stretches the tissue in the area. The more it stretches and the longer it remains that way, the harder it becomes to correct the problem.

Regardless of the health problem, most doctors generally assume the lymphatic system is working adequately. This assumption is made at the peril of the patient. Research has shown that as we age certain organs begin to degenerate. The thymus gland is a key component of the immune system. It is initially responsible for the proper development of the lymphatic system and is practically absent in older individuals. Peyer’s patches, those clumps of lymphatic tissue found in the small intestine, begin to get smaller with age and are often destroyed by certain diseases like typhoid fever. (Cayce felt that the overall health and well-being of an individual was directly related to the health of these Peyer’s patches. He stated on several occasions, that a certain compound formed in these patches was necessary for maintaining the integrity of the nervous system. He may very well be correct. To this day, we still don’t totally understand the functions and importance of either the thymus gland or Peyer’s patches.)

Efforts should be taken to improve the function of the lymphatic system in every health problem. This applies to AIDS, as well as heart disease, hemorrhoids and everything in between. No drug exists that has the ability to improve lymphatic flow; however, the job can easily be handled through the topical application of castor oil.

When castor oil is absorbed through the skin, several extraordinary events take place. The lymphocyte count of the blood increases. This is a result of a positive influence on the thymus gland and/or lymphatic tissue.

The flow of lymph increases throughout the body. This speeds up the removal of toxins surrounding the cells and reduces the size of swollen lymph nodes. The end result is a general overall improvement in organ function with a lessening of fatigue and depression.

As toxicity is reduced, the pH of the saliva becomes less acidic, indicating improved health. The Peyer’s patches in the small intestine become more efficient in their absorption of fatty acids, which are essential for the formation of hormones and other components necessary for growth and repair.

Common Methods of Using Castor Oil

The most common way to use castor oil (and most objectionable, I might add) has been to take it orally. Generally, oral doses are used to correct constipation. The recommended dose is usually 1 tablespoon for adults and 1 teaspoon for children. You can usually expect a “purging” of the system in about four to six hours.

Rubbed or Massaged Directly Into the Skin

For several conditions I’ll mention later, the oil can simply be rubbed into the skin. It can also be used as a massage oil which seems to be especially effective when applied along the spinal column. If the oil is massaged into the body, the direction of the massage should always follow the same path as the underlying Iymphatic drainage system. The diagram below shows the proper direction to massage the oil and further facilitate lymphatic drainage. [Vater and Asdonk, Gesaltschaft for Manuelle Lymph Drainage (Essen, Germany).]

Conditions Responding to Topical Application

Oftentimes there is no need for castor oil packs; amazing results can be obtained by simply applying it directly to the skin. The following is a short list of some of the more common ailments it can remedy:

skin keratosis
ringworm
fungal and bacterial infections
wounds
abdominal stretch marks (prevention)
bursitis
sebaceous cysts
warts
senile lentigo (“liver” or “aging” spots)
muscle strains
ligament sprains
itching

Castor Oil Packs

One of the most useful and least utilized methods of using castor oil is to employ packs. Packs are an economical and efficient method of absorbing the ricinoleic acid and other healing components of castor oil directly into body tissues. (The following basic procedure was outlined in several of the readings of Edgar Cayce.)

To make a castor oil pack you will need the following items: cold pressed castor oil, a standard heating pad, a plastic garbage bag, two or three one-foot square pieces of wool or cotton flannel and one large bath towel.

1. Start by placing the heating pad on a flat surface and turn the setting to high.

2. On top of the pad lay the plastic garbage bag. Next, soak the flannel pieces with castor oil generally about 1/2 cup) and lay them on top of the garbage bag and heating pad.

3. The entire pack can now be placed against the body with the oil-soaked flannel on the skin. For general conditions the pack should be placed on the abdomen. (For treating lower back problems, the pack can be placed there.) To help hold the pack in place and to keep oil from getting on bedding, etc., the body can be wrapped in a large bath towel.

4. The pack should remain in place for at least one hour and the temperature of the heating pad should be kept at the highest temperature tolerable to the patient.

5. When you remove the pack, the remaining oil can be massaged into the skin or cleaned off using a little soda water made from 1 quart of warm water and 2 tablespoons of baking soda.

6. The flannel can be reused if stored properly after removing the pack. Put the flannel in either a plastic bag or zip-loc container and place it in the refrigerator. Before using it next time let it warm up and always add another 1 or 2 tablespoons of fresh cold pressed castor oil. (After a month of use I would recommend using new flannel.)

Conditions Responding to Castor Oil Packs

Due to the many effects of its fatty acid component, ricinoleic acid, the use of castor oil can be used topically to treat a wide variety of health complaints.

Lymphatic Congestion

Obviously, conditions known to be related to poor drainage of the lymphatic system will tend to benefit from this type of therapy. These would include complaints such as:

1. chronic fluid retention with swollen joints and pain
2. arthritis
3. upper respiratory infections involving the sinuses,
tonsils and inner ear
4. colon problems like Crohn’s disease or colitis
5. gallbladder disease
6. boils
7. liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, enlargement or congestion
8. menstrual-related congestion
9. appendicitis
10. hyperactivity
11. constipation, bowel impaction or adhesions
12. swollen lymph nodes
13. bladder and vaginal infections

Neurological Problems

Several neurological problems have also been responsive to castor oil. These include:

1. nerve inflammations such as sciatica, shingles, etc.
2. Parkinson’s disease
3. multiple sclerosis
4. migraine headaches
5. cerebral palsy

AIDS

Conditions that stress or compromise the immune system will very often benefit from castor oil packs. Nowhere is this more obvious than with AIDS. I have talked with several AIDS patients who have added castor oil packs (usually for one hour a day) to their treatment regimen with very positive results. Within two weeks, it was not uncommon for them to see increases in their WBC counts (white blood cell counts), platelet counts, hematocrit readings and RBC counts (red blood cells).

I should mention also that in addition to the castor oil packs most of those I talked to are also drinking a combination of olive oil and lemon juice to further stimulate lymphatic flow and liver activity. It can be made by blending the following:

1 clean whole lemon, (pulp, rind, seeds and all)
1 tablespoon of extra virgin olive oil
1 1/2 cups of distilled water
4 rounded tablespoons of frozen orange juice concentrate

The blended material is then strained through a wire strainer to remove the pulp, which is discarded. The remaining liquid is divided in four equal portions of approximately 1/4 cup each and a portion is consumed with each of the three daily meals and before bedtime.

In addition to stimulating lymphatic flow, the drink increases the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder, which, in turn, enhances one’s ability to digest essential fatty acids through the Peyer’s patches in the small intestine. It is not uncommon for AIDS patients to experience weight gain and a reversal of a long list of complaints often associated with fatty acid deficiencies.

Buying Castor Oil

Any oil that enters your body either orally or through the skin needs to be of the highest quality. Castor oil is no different. Check your local health food store for cold-pressed castor oil. If you can’t find it there or they can’t order it for you, then it can be ordered through the mail from Heritage Store, P.O. Box 444, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23458. They can also be reached by calling 1(800)862-2923.

Conclusion

In his readings, Cayce attributed several actions to castor oil. Most were in one way or another related to the body’s lymphatic system. However, he also alluded to the idea that castor oil has a vibrational quality that helps harmonize and promote healing within body cells. Based on statements like these, many people labeled his psychic readings as quackery. As we gain new knowledge about the workings of the human body, however, these explanations don’t seem so far fetched.

Dr. Johanna Budwig has related much of the healing properties of flax oil to its unique chemical bonds that vibrate at the same frequency as the wavelengths of sunlight. She feels the essential fatty acids in flax oil have the ability to absorb and store the energy from sunlight. It’s possible that the special bonding in castor oil’s unique ricinoleic acid works in a somewhat related method.

Regardless of exactly how it works, I think you’ll be more than satisfied when you experience the amazing feats that can be accomplished with the simple oil of the castor bean. Centuries ago the castor bean plant was referred to as the “Palma Christe.” It was called this because the shape of the plant’s leaves were thought to resemble the palm of Christ. Knowing the healing power of this plant, the name may be one of the most accurate descriptions ever.

Angel Huggzz

Linda or Angel

=======================

Court rules against FTC in supplement ad case

To FACT MEMBERS: EMORD successfully defends MACA and Calcium supplements against FTC!

This could become  A MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH in helping to permit truthful statements about NATURAL PRODUCTS- if we do our homework as LANE LABS  did here.

The legal opinion of the JUDGE in NEW JERSEY shows careful reasoning and
concludes that FTC had competent expert witnesses but so
Did LANE LABS!  HE finds that there is just a DIFFERENCE OF OPINION –
not a violation of LAW as FTC hoped to establish

I am very pleased as MY POWER DRINK includes BEYOND FIBER, ORGANIC GREENS, BIoenergy C and MACA

MACA is a glucosinolate so that it offers similar benefits to DIM AND
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post-menopausal women and also increases copulative activity in rodents
partly due to its androgen-like  activity. It even raises free
testosterone levels

THUS in this LEGAL WIN against FTC, Jonathan EMORD has helped all of our
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and OF COURSE I know that as part of my POWER DRINK, it has REALLY
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Read the link from this that gives you the judge’s opinion. IT shows
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Sincerely

G.F. Gordon MD DO MD(H.)

http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Regulation/Court-rules-against-FTC-in-supplement-ad-case/?c=DcghxY3t7h5xjTW670RBxQ%3D%3D&utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Newsletter%2BDaily

What do we do to reduce those pathogens and toxins?

Lyme Disease, Psychiatric Symptoms and Aggressiveness

By Robert C Bransfield, MD, DLFAPA (revised 4-1-09)

There has been recent media attention focused upon the issue of Lyme disease and psychiatric symptoms and aggressiveness. Questions arise whether microbes and the immune reactions to them can contribute to cognitive decline, degenerative neurological disease, developmental disabilities, mental illness, personality changes and violent and criminal behavior?

There are several thousand peer-reviewed references demonstrating the association between infections and mental symptoms and at least 65 different microbes have been recognized as causing mental symptoms.¹ Over two hundred peer-reviewed articles describe the causal association between Lyme/tick-borne diseases and mental symptoms, pathophysiology, morbidity and mortality some of which are included in the attached addendum. Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness is a major and classic article summarizing this association.² A Controlled Study of Cognitive Deficits in Children With Chronic Lyme Disease is a particularly useful resource for describing some of the cognitive symptoms associated with Lyme/tick-borne diseases. Attempted suicide and completed suicide associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme disease and other tick-borne disease has been observed and reported by the author and many other clinicians.³ An article in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Higher Prevalence of Antibodies to Borrelia Burgdorferi in Psychiatric Patients Than in Healthy Subjects compared 499 psychiatric inpatients to matched pair healthy controls and found significantly more psychiatric patients were seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi (33% vs. 19%), thereby demonstrating an association between Borrelia burgdorferi infections and psychiatric morbidity.

The recent attention on Lyme disease began after a chimpanzee with Lyme/tick-borne disease became violent and assaulted their owner in February 2009. Then a few weeks later a patient with late stage Lyme/tick-borne disease shot and killed a minister in Illinois. Since these two incidents occurred in close time proximity and both drew considerable media attention there has been an increased attention upon the question of whether tick-borne diseases can cause violent behavior. Lyme disease has been associated with causing aggression in dogs and other animals.⁴

Although most patients with Lyme/tick-borne disease do not become violent, a small percent of patients who become infected develop a type of neurological dysfunction that can increase their risk of aggressiveness. In working with a number of patients with Lyme/tick-borne diseases it is apparent to many clinicians these conditions can cause reduced frustration tolerance, irritability, depression, cognitive impairments and mood swings in many patients, but more significant suicidal and aggressive tendencies are seen in a few patients. An article about Lyme/tick-borne diseases and suicide in 1998 is at http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/lymeframes.html Articles on Lyme/tick-borne disease and aggressiveness are Aggression and Lyme Disease (1998). http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/lymeframes.html , A Tale of Two Spirochetes (1999) http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/lymeframes.html and Lyme Neuroborreliosis & Aggression. (2001) http://actionlyme.50megs.com/neuroborreliosis%20aggression.htm

There have been a number of suicide attempts, suicides, aggressive episodes, assaults, homicide attempts, homicides and combined homicide/suicide associated with Lyme/tick/borne diseases. A few such cases are currently in the legal system. In the majority of the cases that enter the legal system it is clear the perpetrator is significantly impaired and treatment occurs in the aftermath. Some, but not all, of the individuals involved in these cases have responded to treatment and now leading productive lives.

Most patients who acquire Lyme/tick/borne diseases do not become aggressive and should not be stigmatized. Many of the patients who do become aggressive can respond to effective treatment. However if the seriousness of Lyme/tick-borne diseases are overlooked there will be further tragedies that could be prevented with greater awareness and earlier and more effective treatment now. We need to change the focus of our system away from a primary focus upon guilt and punishment towards a greater emphasis upon insight and prevention. The unfortunate reality is there will be other tragic incidents in the future. It won’t be a chimpanzee in Connecticut or the shooting of a minister in Illinois, but some who are alive and healthy today will become the victims of future tragedies involving the mental symptoms associated with tick-borne diseases.

Some Peer-Reviewed References for Psychiatric Symptoms
and Lyme/Tick-Borne Diseases

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [letter]
AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Nields JA.
SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Summer;10(3):366-7

Acute and chronic neuroborreliosis with and without CNS involvement: a clinical, MRI, and HLA study of 27 cases.

AUTHORS: Krüger H, Heim E, Schuknecht B, Scholz S.

SOURCE: J Neurol. 1991 Aug;238(5):271-80.

Altered mental status, an unusual manifestation of early disseminated Lyme disease: A case report.

AUTHORS: Chabria SB, Lawrason J.

SOURCE: J Med Case Reports. 2007 Aug 9;1:62.

Alzheimer’s disease and infection: Do infectious agents contribute to progression of Alzheimer’s disease?

AUTHORS: Honjo K, van Reekum R, Rand Nicolaas, Verhoeff NPLG.

SOURCE: Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Vol 5;4, July 2009, p 348-360

The association between tick-borne infections, Lyme borreliosis and autism spectrum disorders
AUTHORS: Bransfield RC, Wulfman JS, Harvey WT, Usman AI.
SOURCE: Medical Hypotheses. 5 Nov 2007

Alzheimer’s disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits.

AUTHOR: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(5):1059-64. Epub 2006 Nov 17.

Alzheimer’s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes.

AUTHOR: MacDonald AB.

SOURCE: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(4):822-5. Epub 2006 Oct 20.

Antibodies against OspA epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi cross-react with neural tissue.

AUTHORS: Alaedini A, Latov N.

SOURCE: J Neuroimmunol. 2005 Feb;159(1-2):192-5. Epub 2004 Nov 26.

Audiologic manifestations of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome
AUTHORS: Shotland LI, Mastrioanni MA, Choo DL, Szymko-Bennett YM, Dally LG, Pikus AT, Sledjeski K, Marques A
SOURCE: Ear Hear. 2003 Dec;24(6):508-17

Bartonella sp. Bacteremia in Patients with Neurological and Neurocognitive Dysfunction.

AUTHORS: Journal of Clinical Midrobiology. 46(9):2856–2861

SOURCE: Breitschwerdt EB. Maggi RG, Nicholson WL, Cherry NA, Woods CW.

The basic syndromes of neurological disorders in Lyme borreliosis:

AUTHORS: Dekonenko EP, Umanskii KG, Virich IE, Kupriianova LV, Rudometov, IuP, Bagrov FI:

SOURCE: Ter Arkh 1995; 67 (11) : 52-53

Beta-amyloid deposition and Alzheimer’s type changes induced by Borrelia spirochetes.

AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Kis A, Radenovic A, Miller L, Forro L, Martins R, Reiss K, Darbinian N, Darekar P, Mihaly L, Khalili K.

SOURCE: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Feb;27(2):228-36.

Bell’s Palsy of the Gut and other Manifestations of Lyme and Associated Diseases

AUTHOR: Sherr VT

SOURCE: Practical Gastroenterology April 2006

Bilateral dorsolateral thalamic lesions disrupts conscious recollection.

AUTHORS: Edelstyn NM, Hunter B, Ellis SJ.

SOURCE: Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(6):931-8. Epub 2005 Oct 25.

Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease

AUTHOR: MIKLOSSY J

EDITORS: Duyckaerts C, Litvan I

SOURCE: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 89 (3rd series) Dementias 2008 Elsevier B.V.

Borrelia burgdorferi in the central nervous system: experimental and clinical evidence for early invasion.

AUTHORS: Garcia-Monco JC, Villar BF, Alen JC, Benach JL.

SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1990 Jun;161(6):1187-93.

Borrelia burgdorferi central nervous system infection presenting as an organic schizophrenialike disorder.
AUTHORS: Hess A, Buchmann J, Zettl UK, Henschel S, Schlaefke D, Grau G, Benecke R.
SOURCE: Biol Psychiatry 1999 Mar 15;45(6):795

Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease.

AUTHORS: Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ.

SOURCE: J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Dec;6(6):639-49; discussion 673-81.

Borrelia burgdorferi-seropositive chronic encephalomyelopathy: Lyme neuroborreliosis? An autopsied report.
AUTHORS: Kobayashi K, Mizukoshi C, Aoki T, Muramori F, Hayashi M, Miyazu K, Koshino Y, Ohta M, Nakanishi I, Yamaguchi N.
SOURCE: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1997 Nov-Dec;8(6):384-90.

[Borreliosis–simultaneous Lyme carditis and psychiatric disorders–case report]

AUTHORS: Legatowicz-Koprowska M, Gziut AI, Walczak E, Gil RJ, Wagner T.

SOURCE: Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2008 May;24(143):433-5. Polish.

Brain SPECT Imaging in Chronic Lyme Disease.
AUTHORS: Plutchok JJ, Tikofsky RS, Liegner KB, Fallon BA, Van Heertum RL.
SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetal and Tick Borne-Diseases, 1999; 6: 10-16.

Carbamazepine in the treatment of Lyme disease-induced hyperacusis.
AUTHORS: Nields JA, Fallon BA, Jastreboff PJ.
SOURCE: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999 Winter;11(1):97-9

Case report: Lyme disease and complex partial seizures.

AUTHOR: Bransfield RC.

SOURCE: Journal of Spirochetes and Tick-borne Diseases; Fall/Winter 1999, Vol 6, p123-125

Central nervous system manifestations of human ehrlichiosis.
AUTHORS: Ratnasamy N, Everett ED, Roland WE, McDonald G, Caldwell CW.
SOURCE: Clin Infect Dis 1996 Aug;23(2):314-9

Cerebral metabolic changes associated with Lyme disease
AUTHORS: Newberg A, Hassan A, Alavi A.
SOURCE: Nucl Med Commun 2002 August;23(8):773-777

Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases.

AUTHORS: Nicholson GL.

SOURCE: Lab Medicine. 2008;39(5):291-9.

Chronic borrelia encephalomyeloradiculitis with severe mental disturbance: immunosuppressive versus antibiotic therapy.

AUTHORS: Kollikowski HH, Schwendemann G, Schulz M, Wilhelm H, Lehmann HJ.

SOURCE: J Neurol. 1988 Jan;235(3):140-2.

Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease — role of Spirochetes.

AUTHORS: Miklossy J.

SOURCE: J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 May;13(4):381-91. Review.

Chronic neuroborreliosis in infancy

AUTHORS: Zamponi N, Cardinali C, Tavoni MA, Porfiri L, Rossi R, Manca A

SOURCE: Ital J Neurol Sci (1999) 20:303-307

Chronic neurologic manifestations of erythema migrans borreliosis.
AUTHORS: Ackermann R, Rehse-Kupper B, Gollmer E, Schmidt R.
SOURCE: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:16-23.

Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC.

SOURCE: N Engl J Med. 1990 Nov 22;323(21):1438-44.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of psychiatric patients seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi.

AUTHORS: Hájek T, Libiger J, Janovská D, Hájek P, Alda M, Höschl C.

SOURCE: Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;21(2):118-22.

[Clinical manifestations and epidemiological aspects leading to a diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: neurological and psychiatric manifestations in the course of Lyme borreliosis]

AUTHORS: Créange A.

SOURCE: Med Mal Infect. 2007 Jul-Aug;37(7-8):532-9. Epub 2007 Mar 26. Review. French.

Co-existance of toxoplasmosis and neuroborreliosis – a case report.
AUTHORS: Gustaw K, Beltowska K, Dlugosz E.
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Psychiatric aspects of Lyme disease in children and adolescents:
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Psychiatric Issues in Infectious Diseases

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Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate in persistent Lyme encephalopathy.

AUTHORS: Fallon BA, Lipkin RB, Corbera KM, Yu S, Nobler MS, Keilp JG, Petkova E, Lisanby SH, Moeller JR, Slavov I, Van Heertum R, Mensh BD, Sackeim HA.

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Results of a prospective standardized study of 30 patients with chronic neurological and cognitive disorders after tick bites
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The role of kynurenines in disorders of the central nervous system: Possibilities for neuroprotection.

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Seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to Ixodes ticks and Lyme borreliosis
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[Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus. A complication of chronic neuroborreliosis]

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Spirochetal cyst forms in neurodegenerative disorders,…hiding in plain sight.

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Subarachnoid hemorrhage in a patient with Lyme disease.

AUTHORS: Cheherama M, Zagardo MT, Koski CL

SOURCE: Neurology (1997);48:520-523

Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone.

AUTHORS: Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC.

SOURCE: J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):377-83.

Survival strategies of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease.

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Transfection “Junk” DNA – a link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease?

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Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease.

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Treatment-Resistant Depression: Progress and Limitations

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Tullio phenomenon and seronegative Lyme borreliosis [letter]
AUTHORS: Nields JA, Kueton JF.
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The Underdiagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease in Children and Adults
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COMPLETE TEXT AT:
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Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth’s syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis. A case report.
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Value of clinical symptoms, intrathecal specific antibody production and PCR in CSF in the diagnosis of childhood Lyme neuroborreliosis:

AUTHORS: Issakainen J, Gnehm HE, Lucchini GM, Zbinden R:

SOURCE: Klin Padiatr 1996 May-Jun; 208 (3) : 106-109

WAIS-III and WMS-III performance in chronic Lyme disease.
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A 25-year-old woman with hallucinations, hypersexuality, nightmares, and a rash.
AUTHORS: Stein SL, Solvason HB, Biggart E, Spiegel D.
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A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later.

Steere AC.

JAMA. 2002 Aug 28;288(8):1002-10.

A 58-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease, 1 year later.

Burns RB, Hartman EE.

JAMA. 2003 Dec 24;290(24):3247.

Some of the above references are online at:

Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease Online Resources:
http://www.lymeinfo.net/neuropsych.html

1 Bransfield RC. Preventable cases of autism: relationship between chronic infectious diseases and neurological outcome. Pediatric Health. (2009) April 3(2).